latin grammar

add as you go on and do whenever you can for a refresh

how do we translate latin?

using magic anteater

Feminine 1st declension nominative, accusative, genitive, dative singular

-a, -am, -ae, -ae,

Feminine 1st declension nominative, accusative, genitive, dative plural

-ae, -as, -arum, -is,

Masculine 2nd declension nominative, accusative, genitive, dative singular

-us,-um,-i,-o,

Masculine 2nd declension nominative, accusative, genitive, dative plural

-i,-os,-orum,-is,

Neuter 2nd declension nominative, accusative, genitive, dative singular

-um,-um,-i,-o

Neuter 2nd declension nominative, accusative, genitive, dative plural

-a,-a,-orum,-is

3rd declension M/F nominative, accusative, genitive, dative singular

-is(varies), -em, -is, -i

3rd declension M/F nominative, accusative, genitive, dative plural

-es,-es,-ium,-ibus

3rd declension neuter nominative, accusative, genitive, dative singular

-e(varies), -e(varies),-is,-i

3rd declension neuter nominative, accusative, genitive, dative plural

-a,-a,-um,-ibus

order of pronouns

I, you, he/she/it, we, you all, they

present tense endings

o, s, t, mus, tis, nt

imperfect tense endings

bam, bas, bat, bamus, batis, bant

Perfect tense endings

i, isti, it, imus, istis, erunt

what is the acronym of perfect tense letters you put before the ending

Some Shrimp are Very UnSeXy

comparative

-ior means more

superlative

-illi, -issi, -erri add most or very

melior(irregular)

better

peior(irregular)

worse

maior(irregular)

bigger

minor(irregular)

smaller

what are the forms of “to be”(irregular)?

sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt.

What are the dative verbs?

favet(gives support), credit(gives trust), promittit(promises) , imperat(orders)

What is special about the dative verbs?

With the dative verbs the dative in the sentence becomes the accusative. e.g. ‘ego holconio faveo’ = I support Holconius

what are the personal pronouns?

mihi(to me), tibi(to you), nobis(to us), vobis(to you all)

What are the 3 modal verbs?

volo(I wish), nolo(I do not wish), possum(I can)

What are the conjugations of volo?

volo, vis, vult, volumus, vulti, volunt

What are the conjugations of nolo?

nolo, non vis, non vult, nolumus, non vultis, nolunt

What are the conjugations of possum( it is very similiar to sum)?

possum, potes, potest, possumus, potestis, possunt

What are conjugations?

there are 4 main groups of verbs, these groups have the same ending the each group is associated with a vowel

How can we work the conjugation of a verb?

by looking at two of the three principle parts. present tense, infintive, perfect tense

What are the endings for 1st conjugation?

-o, -a

What are the endings for 2nd conjugation?

-eo, -e

What are the endings for 3rd conjugation?

-o, -ere

What are the endings for 4th conjugation?

-io, -i

What are the endings for mixed conjugation(3rd and 4th)?

-io, -ere

What are the three rules for adjectives and nouns to agree?

Adjectives and nouns must agree in gender, number, and case.

nominative singular (qui, quae, quod) m, f, n

qui, quae, quod

accusative singular (qui, quae, quod) m, f, n

quem, quam, quod

nominative plural (qui, quae, quod) m, f

qui, quae

accusative plural(qui, quae, quod) m, f

quos, quas

for the imperfect of nolo and volo what is the pattern?

just add vole/nole to the start of the imperfect ending e.g. volebam/nolebam

what are the conjugations of was?

eram, eras, erat, eramus, eratis, erant

How do we make the imperfect version of possum?

we add pot infront of the conjugations of eram e.g. poteratis

How is the pluperfect tense formed?

by adding the imperfect conjugations of sum after the perfect stem.

where doe the genitive come in a sentence?

after the accusative

What is the genitve case?

The genitive case is a grammatical case used to indicate possession, typically answering the question "of whom" or "of what." It shows relationships between nouns, often denoting ownership or origin.

what are the types of adjectives

2-1-2 adjectives are 2nd and 1st declension adjectives masculine, feminine and neuter and then 3rd declension adjectives with masculine, feminine, neuter

hic in nominative m ,f, n singular

hic, haenc, hoc

hic nominative m, f plural

hi, hae

hic accusative m, f, n singular

hunc, hanc, hoc

hic accusative m, f, plural

hos, has

ille nominative m, f, n singular

ille, illa, illud

ille nominative m, f plural

illi, illae

ille accusative m, f, n singular

illum, illam, illud

ille accusative m, f plural

illos, illas

What does hic and ille mean?

hic means ‘this’ and ‘ille’ means that

What is the imperative?

they are used when someone is told or ordered to do something

How to do get the singular imperative from the infinitive?

to get the singular imperative you take of -re off the infinitive

How to do get the plural imperative from the infinitive?

to get the plural imperative you take of -re off the infinitive and add

-te.

How do you form the vocative?

us → -e, ius→ -i e.g. Cacilius→ Cacili!

What is a present participle?

A participle is an adjective formed from a verb. It has endings( showing number, gender, and case) like an adjective. It has a tense ( present, past or future) just like a verb. It is used to describe a noun( or pronoun).

How do you form the singular nom present participle?

take infinitive remove -re and add -ns, for 4/ mixed conjugation add -ens

How do you form the singular acc present participle ?

take infinitive remove -re and add -ntem

How do you form the plural present participle ?

take infinitive remove -re and add -ntes, for 4/mixed conjugation add -entes