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African American Vernacular English (AAVE)
A dialect used by some Black Americans
Centrifugal force
A cultural value that tends to pull people apart
Centripetal force
A cultural value that tends to unify people
Creole (Creolized language)
A language that results from the mixing of a colonizer’s language with the indigenous language of the people being dominated
Denglish
A combination of Deutsch (the German word for German) and English
Dialect
A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation
Endangered language
A language that is threatened or dying because it is losing users and may not be retained by the younger generation
Extinct language
A language that was once used by people daily activities but is no longer used
Franglais
A combination of Francais and Anglais (the French words for French and English)
Institutional language
A language used in education, work, mass media, and government
Isogloss
A boundary that separates regions in which different language usages predominate
Isolated language
A language that is unrelated to any other languages and therefore not attached to any language family
Language
A system of communication through speech, movement, sounds, or symbols that a group of people understands to have the same meaning
Language branch
A collection of languages related through a common ancestor that can be confirmed through archaeological evidence
Language family
A collection of languages related to each other through a common ancestor long before recorded history
Language group
A collection of languages within a branch that share a common origin in the relatively recent past and display relatively few differences in grammar and vocabulary
On the tree diagram, it would be represented by a group of leaves all clumped together
Lingua franca
A language mutually understood and commonly used in trade by people who have different native languages
Linguist
A specialist in the study of human language
Literary tradition
A language that is written as well as spoken
Logogram
A symbol that represents a word rather than a sound
Mutual intelligibility
The ability of people communicating in two ways to readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort
Official language
The language adopted for use by a government for the conduct of business and publication of documents
Pidgin language
A form of language that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca; used for communications among speakers of two different languages
Received Pronunciation (RP)
The dialect of English commonly used by politicians, broadcasters, and actors in the UK
Spanglish
A combination of Spanish and English spoken by some Hispanic Americans
Stable language
A language in daily use by people of all ages, from children to elderly individuals
Standard language
The form of a language used for official government, business, education, and mass communication
Subdialect
A subdivision of a dialect
Working language
A language designated by an international organization or corporation as its primary means of communication for daily correspondence and conversation