science q4

Speed

v = d ÷ t; speed of an object. v = speed, d = distance, t = time.

Acceleration

a = (v₂ − v₁) ÷ t; acceleration is the change in velocity over time. v₂ = final velocity, v₁ = initial velocity, t = time.

Distance

d = v × t; distance traveled at a constant speed. v = speed, t = time.

Work

W = F × d; work done when a force moves an object. W = work, F = force, d = distance.

Power

P = W ÷ t; power is work done per unit time. P = power, W = work, t = time.

Density

ρ = m ÷ V; density is mass per unit volume. ρ = density, m = mass, V = volume.

Kinetic Energy (KE)

KE = 1/2 × m × v²; energy of a moving object. m = mass (kg), v = velocity (m/s), KE in joules (J).

Potential Energy (PE)

PE = m × g × h; energy due to height or position. m = mass (kg), g = 9.8 m/s², h = height (m), PE in joules (J).

Total Mechanical Energy (TME)

TME = KE + PE; the total energy of an object is the sum of its kinetic and potential energy.

Centripetal Force (Fc)

Fc = m × v² ÷ r; force that keeps an object moving in a circle, directed toward the center. m = mass, v = speed, r = radius.

Centripetal Acceleration (ac)

ac = v² ÷ r; acceleration of an object moving in a circle, directed toward the center. v = speed, r = radius.

Centrifugal Force

Fc = m × v² ÷ r; apparent force that seems to push an object outward when moving in a circle, opposite to centripetal force. m = mass, v = speed, r = radius.