BIO 231 Final Cal Poly

Homeostasis

-internal conditions vary within limits

-set points change

-regulated by negative feedback

Simple Squamos

-lungs

simple cubodial

kidney tubules

-regulated transport

simple columnar

-intestines

-regulated transport

pseudostratified

respiratory tracts

aerolar

-immune system cells

-fibroblasts

-all 3 fibers

adipose

-hypodermis,breasts

-adipocytes

almost no ground substance or fibers

dense regular

-tendons

-fibroblasts

-collagen bundles

dense irregular

-fibroblasts

-collagen

-skin

reticular

-lymphocytes

-reticular fibers

blood

red/white blood cells

-ground substance is plasma

-no fibers

dendritic cells

immune system cells in skin

merkel cells

tactile sensation

sunscreen, zinc does what

reflects the uv rays

functions of integumentary system

-protection

-thermoregulation

-metabolism

-cutaneous sensation

Chemical Classes: Amino Acid Derivatives

-bind to membrane receptors

-can't be stored

-float freely

-Oxytocin and ADH

Chemical Classes: Steroids

-bind to intracellular receptors

-binded to globulins

-can't be stored

-made by er and mitochondria

-hyrdophobic

What happens in target cells?

-membrane permeability

-enzyme activity

-mitotic activity

-protein activity

-secretory activity

Hormones in Anterior Pituitary

-LH

-FSH

-ACTH

-TSH

-PRL

-GH

ADH function

-raise blood pressure

-pee less

Synthesis of TH

-throglobulin synthesis, exocytosized into colloid

-iodine brought in made into iodine

-iodine and thyroglobulin make T3 and T4

-endocyosized out of colloid

-T3T4 cleaved off diffuse across membrane

Actions of TH

-growth and development

-metabolism

-permissive hormone

Support Cells in CNS

-astrocyte

-microglia

-ependymal cells

-oligodentrites

-regulate ECM

-eat bad stuff, macrophage

-line ventricles

-make myelin sheath

Support Cells in PNS

-Schwann cells

-Satellite cells

-make myelin sheath

-similair to an astrocyte

Saltatory Conduction

myelin sheath helps action potential move faster

Chemical Synapses

NT binds to membrane

-causes local potential

-causeD by action potential

Voltage Synapse

-ions flow directly from one cell to the next through a gap junction

temoral summation

same synapse multiple times

spatial summation

different places at same time

classes of neurotransmitters

-acetocholine

-amines

-amino acids

-glutamane-excitory

-Gaba-inhibitory

-peptides

-purines

-gases

SSRI function

reuptake inhibitor

CSF

-mostly water

-similar to plasma but fewer proteins

-protect brain

-provide nutrients/eliminate waste

Choroid Plexus function

makes CSF

blood brain barrier

made of blood vessels

-provides more constant ECM

-prevents bad things from getting to brain

-tight junction between blood vessels

-astrocytes are a foot process not technically part of the bbb

Frontal Lobe

-voluntary motor output

-thinking

-remembering

-personality

Parietal Lobe

-process somatosensory info

-general senses- skin and skeletal

Occipital Lobe

visual info processing

Temporal Lobe

auditory and taste processing

-insula=taste

Brochas Area

motor area for speech, frontal lobe

Wernickes Area

understanding of speech, temporal lobe

Basal Nuclei

motivation

motor

planning

attention

Parkinsons Disease

degeneration of dopamine

basal nuclei becomes overactive

Tracts: Commisures

connect hemispheres

Tracts: Assocation

connect adjacent areas of cortex

Tracts: projection

connect cerebrum w/ lower regions

Dicephalon

-pineal gland

-hypothalamus

-thalamus

pineal gland

secretes melatonin

-light inhibits melatonin

thalamus

relay center for sensory info

hypothalamus

center for autonomic functions

Limbic System

involved with learning,emotion and memory

-dicephalon structures

-fornix

-hippocampus

-amygdala

Reticular Formation

-brain stem nuclei

-send sensory info coming into brainstem

-sends signals to thalamus

-non-specific pathways

consolidation

info going to long term memory

Declarative Memory

-thalamus

-temporal lobe

-prefrontal cortex

Procedural Memory

thalamus

-basal nuclei

-pre-motor cortex

Dorsal Horn

sensory input

Ventral horn

motor output

sensory ascending pathways

3 neuron pathway

-afferent neuron to brainstem

-brainstem to thalamus

-thalamus to primary somatosensory cortex

motor descending pathwasy

2 neuron pathway

-primary motor cortex to spinal cord

-spinal cord to muscle

roots are

sensory or motor

nerves and ramus are

motor and sensory

Nerve structure

Endonerium, perineum, epineurium

Plexus

network of nerves based on origin of nerves and where they go

Components of sensory system

-sensory input

-circuits

-perception

Perception

-perceptual détection

-magnitude estimation

-stimulus discrimation

-feature abstraction

-quality discrimination

-pattern recognition

primary sensory coding

-duration

-modality type

-strength

-location

projection pathway

specific ascending pathways

adaptation

decrease in action potential frequency in response to constant stimulus

Unencapsulated receptors in the skin

free nerve endings

hair follicle receptors

encapsulated receptors in the skin

tactile meisnners corpuscle

pacinian coruscle

receptors in joints

muscle spindles

golgi tendon organs

receptor potential is

a graded potential

analgesia

drugs that decrease pain

referred pain

convergence of 2 receptors on one ascending pathway

Salt and Sout

go through channels other receptors are membrane receptors

Gustatory Pathway

-Afferent neron cranial nerve(7,9,10)

-medulla

-thalamus

-insula

Smell Pathway

olfactory receptro(afferent neuron)

olfactory bulb

olfactory cortex

hypothalamus and limbic system

olfactory epithelium

pseudo stratified columnar

glomeruli

all neurons that detect a certain smell converge here

Hearing structure

cochlea

-endolymph fluid

-perilymph fluid

equilibrium structure

vestibule and semicircular canals

tympanic membrane

vibrates in response to air pressure

auditory tube

equalizes air pressure

membrane that the hairs hit

tectorial membrane in spinal organ corti in cochlea

sound pathway

vestibucochlear nerve

medulla midbrain

thalamus

primary auditory cortex

resonance

basilar membrane thickest at apex correlates with lower frequencies

static equilibrium

vestibule-macula are perpendicular to each other

macula saccule

macula utricle

otoliths-add density to gelatinous mass

dynamic equilibrium

cristae ampulla's

movement of fluid pushes on cupola to bend the hairs to send a signal

-signals sent to cerebellum and vestibular nuclei in brain stem

lacrimal apparatus

cleanses and lubricates the eye

prevents bacterial growth

eye layers

fibrous- sclera and cornea

vascular-iris ciliary body choroid

retina

anterior segment

aqueous humor

posterior segment

vitreous humor

helps maintain pressure

helps conduct light

iris

regulates amount of light entering eye

ciliary boy

controls the shape of the lens

accommodation

change in the shape of the lens for close up vision

close up the lens

bulges and the ciliary body constricts

myopia

near sightedness

can't see long distance

hyperopia

far sightedness

phototransduction

-light hits pigment

-2nd messenger is activated

-ion channels close

optic disk

has no photoreceptors

general senses have

Action Potentials