DA2 EX4 L6 PT. 2 (CAO) (ANTI-PARASITICS)

"Macroparasite" is a term typically used to refer to what parasites?

Helminths

Protozoa

"Microparasite" is a term typically used to refer to what parasites?

Viruses

Bacteria

Malaria is caused by a parasite; which one?

A protozoan of the genus Plasmodium

Life cycle stages of Plasmodium

Sporozoites (injected form)

Merozoites (post reproduction and bloodstream circulation)

Gametocytes (taken up by mosquitoes, responsible for the transport of malaria)

Describe the life cycle of malaria

Mosquito ingests gametocytes from infected human

Sporozoites injected by mosquito during a blood meal

Sporozoites replicate, travel; become merozoites

Hepatic stage malaria refers to?

Parasites located in the liver, asymptomatic stage is called hepatic stage

Erythrocytic stage malaria refers to?

Parasite invade RBCs and cause fever

Causal prophylactics for malaria?

Promaquine

Proguanil

Suppressive prophylactics for malaria?

Quinine

Chloroquine

Proguanil

Pyrimethamine

Artemicinin

Tetracycline

Clinical cures for malaria?

Chloroquinine,

Quinine

Mefloquine

Artemicinin (fast action)

Proguanil

Pyrimethamine

Sulfonamides

Tetracyclines

T/F: Radical cure of malaria can only be achieved by suppressive treatment method.

True

Oncherciasis is otherwise known as?

river blindless

What is the causative parasite of river blindness?

Onchocerca volvulus

What is the agent of choice for treatment of oncherciasis?

Ivermectin

MOA of ivermectin?

Bind to glutamate-gated chloride channels common to invertebrate nerve and muscle cells by paralyzing and killing parasites

Side effects of ivermectin treatment?

Headache, dizziness, muscle pain, nausea, diarrhea

Ivermectin belongs to what class of anti-parasitic drugs?

Anti-helminthic

Amebiasis is caused by what parasite?

Entamoeba histolytica

Recommended drug and dosing for the treatment of amebiasis?

Metronidazole for 10 days

T/F: Metronidazole is a prodrug.

True

Toxoplasmosis is caused by what parasite?

T. gondii

Medications recommended for treatment of toxoplasmosis?

Pyrimethamine (Daraprim) - folic acid antagonist

Sulfadiazine (given with pyrimethamine)

Schistosomiasis is caused by what parasite?

Schistosoma mansoni

S. haematobium

S. japonicum

Schistosomiasis is also known as?

Bilharzia

Drug recommended for treatment of schistosomiasis?

Praziquantel (single dose)

What does malaria use as food?

Heme

MOA of artemecinin?

Maybe alkylation of macromolecules i.e. heme and proteins, resulting in the formation of artemisinin-heme adducts and artemisinin-protein adducts that are toxic to plasmodia