Anatomy Unit 1 Study Guide

Anatomy

The study of body structure

Gross Anatomy

Study of structures that can be seen with the naked eye

microscopic anatomy

deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye

Developmental Anatomy

traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span

Physiology

the study of how the body and its parts work or function

Regional Gross Anatomy

all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg)

Systemic Gross Anatomy

All the organs with related functions are studied together ( what they belong to)

Surface Gross Anatomy

study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin

Cytology

study of structure and function of cells

histology

the study of the microscopic structure of tissues

Embryology

study of embryos and their development

Pathological anatomy

study of structural changes caused by disease

radiographic anatomy

studies internal structures as visualized by X-ray images or specialized scanning procedures

Microbiology

A branch of biology dealing especially with microscopic forms of life (as bacteria, protozoans, viruses, and fungi).

Principle of Complementarity

function always reflects structure; what a structure can do depends on its specific form

Levels of organization

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

intugementary system

hair, skin, nails, sweat glands, oil glands; protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D

skeletal system

Bone, cartilage, ligaments; protects and supports organs, provides framework for muscles, stores minerals, site of blood cell formation

Muscular System

Muscles, Tendons; Allows manipulation of the environment, movement, and facial expression; maintains posture and produces heat

Nervous System

Brain, spinal column, nerves; responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands

cardiovascular system

Heart, blood vessels; heart pumps blood, and blood vessels transport the blood throughout the body

lymphatic system

red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels; picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns to the blood, disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream, and houses white blood cells which aid in immunity

Respiratory system

nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs; keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide

Digestive system

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, liver; breaks down food into absorb-able units that enter the blood, and eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces

Urinary System

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra; eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body, and regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance in the blood.

male reproductive system

prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum ductus deferens; functions in production of offspring, testes produce sperm and testosterone, ducts and glands deliver sperm to female reproductive tract

Female reproductive system

Mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina; functions in the production of offspring, ovaries produce eggs and estrogen, remaining structures serve as sites of fertilization and development of the fetus, mammary glands produce milk

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

negative feedback loop

A feedback loop in which a system responds to a change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring.

positive feedback loop

a feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified

Homeostatic imbalance

a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

Anatomical position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

Superior

Toward the head end of the body (example; hand is \__________ part of extremity)

Inferior

Lower on the body, farther from the head (example; foot is \___________ part of extremity)

Anterior

front of the body

Posterior

back of the body

Medial

towards the midline of the body

Lateral

away from the midline of the body

intermediate

between two structures

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

superficial

toward the surface of the body (external)

Deep

Away from the body surface; more internal

Nasal

pertaining to the nose

oral

pertaining to the mouth

cervical

pertaining to the neck

acromial

point of shoulder

axillary

pertaining to the armpit

Abdominal

pertaining to the abdomen

Brachial

pertaining to the arm

Antebrachial

pertaining to the forearm

Antecubital

anterior surface of elbow

pelvic

pelvis region

carpal

pertaining to the wrist

pollex

pertaining to the thumb

palmar

pertaining to the palm of the hand

digital

fingers or toes

pubic

genital region

Patellar

anterior knee

crural

shin/lower leg

pedal

pertaining to the foot

tarsal

ankle region

frontal

pertaining to the forehead

orbital

eye cavity

buccal

pertaining to the cheek

mental

pertaining to the chin

sternal

breastbone area

thoracic

pertaining to the chest

mammary

pertaining to the breast

umbilical

navel, belly button

coxal

pertaining to the hip

inguinal

pertaining to the groin

femoral

pertaining to the thigh

fibular

side of leg

hallux

big toe

Cephalic

pertaining to the head

manus

pertaining to the hand

occipital

back of head/base of skull

vertebral

area of spinal column

scapular

shoulder blade region

dorsal

pertaining to the back

olecranal

back of elbow

lumbar

area of back between ribs and hips (loins)

sacral

Posterior region between the hip bones

gluteal

pertaining to the buttocks

perineal

region between the anus and external genitalia

sural

Calf or posterior surface of the leg

Calcaneal

heel of foot

plantar

sole of foot

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal right and left sides

frontal plane

Divides the body into front and back portions.

transverse plane

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

oblique plane

passes through the body at an angle

Dorsal cavity

contains the brain and spinal cord; protects nervous system

cranial cavity

contains the brain

vertebral cavity

contains the spinal cord

ventral cavity

located along the front of the body, contains the body organs that sustain homeostasis and contains thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

thoracic cavity

cavity housing lungs and heart

abdominopelvic cavity

contains both the abdominal and pelvic cavities