STS - Lesson 3

Philosophy

"love of wisdom"

ethical

study of values in human behavior or the study of moral problems

ethical

rightness and wrongness of actions

epistemological

study of knowledge

epistemological

how we acquire knowledge and what limits are there to knowledge

epistemological

debate between sense experience vs reason, observation vs logic and thinking

metaphysical

study of what is real

metaphysical

first principles of natural order and the ultimate generalizations available to human intellect

metaphysical

laws, causation and explanation , most basic laws of nature

metaphysics

what is the nature of reality

metaphysics

concerned with reality and existence

ontology

what is the nature of existence?

cosmology

origin and organization of the universe

epistemology

what is the nature of knowledge

epistemology

how do we acquire knowledge and how do we know its true

logic

key dimension of epistemology

deductive logic

general statement to specific conclusion

inductive logic

acts or experience to generalization

axiology/ethics

what is the nature of values

ethics

study of human conduct. looks at moral values

aesthetics

values beauty, nature, aesthetic experience (music art literature, dance theater, fine arts)

inductivism

proposes and rests on common under the laws of the universe, there are laws of nature, uniformities that govern these laws

inductivism

facts are observable and theories derived from these facts by observable

hypothetico-deductivism

rejects context of discovery

hypothetico-deductivism

rejects how scientific facts are first discovered

hypothetico-deductivism

rejects the notion that facts are neutral and objective

hypothetico-deductivism

asserts that facts are not always observable

falsificationism

rejects the context of discovery

falsificationism

rests on the premise that scientific theories are tentative

conjecture and refutation

science must continue to progress through an open quest to put existing theories to the test allowing preconceived notions of facts whatever they may be, up to scientific criticism and refutation

thomas kuhn

the structures or scientific revolutions in 1962, coined the term paradigm

Conjecture

educated guess based on observation but needs to be tested

normal science

when science works within established paradigm, rules, theories

revolutionary science

theories are questioned and analyzed

problem

ask a question

research

define problem statement

hypothesize

construct hypothesis

experiment

test hypothesis

analyze

collect data

interpret

report the result

quantitative

numeric variables (many, much, often)

qualitative

categorial variables (type, where, qualities)

reliability

how consistently a method measures something

reliability

if same result can be consistently achieved by using same methods and circumstances, the measurement is considered reliable

test-retest reliability

cross time, consistency across time, same result if you repeat experiment

internal consistency

across items, consistency of measurement itself , same results from different parts of experiment to measure same thing

inter-rater reliability

across researchers, consistency across raters or observers, same results when different people conduct the experiment

validity

how accurately a method measures what is intended to measure

validity

produces results that correspond to real properties, characteristics, variations in the physical or social world

face validity

the extent to which a measurement method appears on its face to measure the construct of interest

construct validity

used to ensure measure is actual measure what is it intended to measure and not other variables

content validity

extent to which the measurement covers all aspects of the concepts being measured

criterion validity

extent to which the result of a measure corresponds to the other valid measures of the same concept

discriminant validity

the extent to which scores on a measure are not correlated with measures of variables that are conceptually distinct

currency

is info current

relevance

is it important

authority

who published

accuracy

is it supported by evidence

purpose

what is the purpose of news