BIO 183 Exam 3

What is are the two types of energy aborption for autotrophs

photosynthesis and chemosynthesis(bacteria)

What is different between how bacteria photosyntheizes versus plants and algae

use plasma membrane vs. use chloroplasts

What are the products formed from photosynthesis

glucose, oxygen and water

What is a pigment, what is the primary pigment

molecules that aborb light energy, Chlorophyll A

What is an accessory pigment?

pigments that pass energy aborbed to primary pigment

What are the three acessory pigments

chlorophyll B, xanthophyll, and betacarotene

Why do pigments pass energy to the primary pigments

with proton pigment at the excited state and wants to return to the ground state

What is a granum(grana plural)

stack of thylakiods

What is the stroma

liquid space within the chloroplast

What is a thylakiod

disk within the chloroplast respondible for the light dependent reaction

What is within the electron transport chain, in order

PS II, PS I, and ATP synthase

What is produced by the light dependent reaction

NADPH, O2, and some ATP to continue cycle

How are pigments used in the electron transport chain

energy used to start chain at PS II

What is used by PS II

water and pigments

What happens when sunlight isn’t present in the light dependent reaction

H20 is split to help move electrons through the chain

How is ATP created by light dependent reaction

protons pass through chain , leaving the thylakoid, causing ATP synthase to spin and create ATP

What is the purpose of electron acceptors

Within ETC help move electrons through chain to generate NADPH

What is the special electron acceptor that keeps proton

NAPD+

What is the photosystem II, PSII

light-harvesting complex, directly aborbs proton

What is photosystem I, PSI

makes NADPH, accepts energy transfer from PSII

Is water split in PS I

no

What is the NAPD reduase

converts NAPD to NAPDH

What is the noncyclic LDR

PSII to NAPDH, linear route

What is the cyclic LDR

only have PSI, backup route with low CO2, ATP generated only

Where does the Calvin Cycle take place

within the stroma

What is the main conversion of molecules in the Calvin cycle

CO2 to sugar

What happens in fixation of the Calvin cycle

CO2 and RuBP combine to form a 6 carbon molecule that is broken into two 3 carbon molecules(3-PGA) to gain stability

ATP and NADPH used to create what in the carbon cycle

carbohydrates

How is ATP used in the Calvin cycle

helps phospholate 3-PGA

how is NADPH used in the calvin cycle

conform PGA to G3P

What is the importance of G3P in the calvin cycle

helps with regeneration, repeating the cycle

What is the Calvin cycle also known as

C3 pathway

What is a carbohydrate

primary energy source, used in cell signaling

What is glycogen

condensed carbohydrates that have been stored in animals cells

What is Starch

condensed stored carbohydrates in plant cells

What leads to excess glyogen?

fat

What leads to excess sugar

glyocen

What is cellulose and what is it made out of

plant wall, glucose

what is a monosaccharide

1 simple sugar molecule

What is a disaccharide

2 simple sugar molecules

What is polysaccharides

multiple simple sugar molecules

What is produced from monosaccharides bonding

water

What is an example of a structural carbohydrate

chitin-exoskelton of arthropods and fungi

How do plants obtain glucose

they make it hw

How do animals obtain glucose

diet+mitchondria

what is the amount of plants that engage in C3 pathway

90-95%

What is photorespiration

uses ATP storage to produce sugars

what is another name for photorespiration

savage pathway

What are the 4 reasons photorespiration is bad

wasteful, CO2 enzyme blocked, more energy used, and efficiency lowers

What is the CO2 enzyme called

ribisco

what are the other two pathways for the Calvin cycle besides C3

C4 and CAM pathway

What is the C4 pathway

4-carbon compound formed in fixation, multiple cells used

What type of enzyme is specific to the C4 pathway

PEP carboxulase enzyme- lock and key enzyme of CO2

What type of cells used in C4 pathway

mesophyllic cells and bundle sheath cells

What is a mesophyllic cell

underneath the plants leaves, CO2 enters through stomata

What is a bundle sheath cell

Middle of plant cell

What happens in the bundle-sheath cells of the C4 pathway

CO2 steadly released from from 4 carbon compound to go through C3 pathway

Why would a plant choose C4 pathway

warm/dry climates to help conserve water

What is special about the CAM pathway

the Calvin cycle is seperated based on the time of day

How is the CAM pathway regulated, how does CO2 enter the plant

Stomata only open at night, during day is converted to gulcose

Does the CAM pathway take place in multiple cells?

no, singular cells only

What happens when vacuoles fill with water in a plant

stomata opens up

What is a postive regulation of a prokaryote?

activator is attached to gene incouraging transcription

What is another name for positive regulation

inducible operon

what is another name for negative regulation

respressable operon

What is negative regulation

repressor is added to gene to prevent transcription

Is the operon present for all organisms

no, only prokaryotes have it

what is an operon

cluster of genes working for one specific overall purpose

What can change a bacteria gene expression

the environment

What are the three things that make up an operon

promotor site , operator site, structural genes

What is the CAP site on a gene

before the operon that an activator can attach to

What is chromatin

Condensed DNA wrapped around histones for storage

what is a motif

short conserved DNA sequences, attracts transcription factors

What parts of a operon have activators

promotor, TF, and enhancer region

What is an enhancer

far away from promotor, holds activators that increase transcription, looped to the promoter to better RNA polymerase effeciency

What is cAMP

A hormone that binds to the CAP site and activates the enzyme to turn on transcription in LAC operon

What happens with a mutation in motif

big change

How does the storage of chromtin effect gene expression

how the protien stored determines which promotors can attach to the protiens

What is euchromatin

lose nucleosome- easy to read for transcription

What is heterochromatin

tightly packed nucleosome , hard to read for transcription

What is another word for chromatin

nucleosome

What is epigenetic regulation

phenotypic changes passed down without alternating genome