micro histo

cells

- Smallest units of life

Nucleosome

- smallest chromatin subunit

-colloidal

- with organelles, inclusions, and cytoskeleton

-(2) Principal parts of the eukaryotic cell

- cytoplasm

Microvilli

- Plasma Membrane Specializations

- fingerlike projection increases surface area

Flagellum

- Plasma Membrane Specializations

- whip-like form for movement

Desmosomes

- Plasma Membrane Specializations

- Membrane junctions

- side cell: cell adhesion

Hemidesmosome

- Plasma Membrane Specializations

- Membrane junctions

- base

- SIMPLE DIFFUSION

- FACILITATED DIFFUSION

- OSMOSIS

- FILTRATION

- transport processes across the cell membrane

- passive

faciliated diffusion

- Movement of solute from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute

- concentration with a CARRIER

Ergastoplasm

- it is rich in ribosomes

- in glands

Endoplasmic Reticulum

- System of membranes that makes up channels

Smooth ER

- HCI synthesis, release and capture Ca+ in skeletal muscles; detoxification in the hepatocytes

Lysosomes

- Digestive enzyme that breaks non-usable materials within the cell (e.g. acid hydrolases)

Lysosomes

- Lack oxidases and catalases

Peroxisomes (microbodies)

- contains catalase and oxidase

Peroxisomes(microbodies)

- Break down free radicals (highly reactive chemicals)

Vimentin

- cytoskeleton

- Intermediate filaments

- mesenchymal cells

Glial fibrillary protein

- cytoskeleton

- Intermediate filaments

- glial cells of nervous system

Desmin

- cytoskeleton

- Intermediate filaments

- muscle cells

basal bodies

- cytoskeleton

- Microtubules

- anchoring points of cilia and flagella

Microfilaments

- 7 nm in dia.

Cytokinesis

- cell division

- Division of the cytoplasm

Cytokinesis

- cell division

- Results in the formation of two daughter cells

- contiguous cells

- basal lamina

- avascular

- sheet or layers

- lining/surface epithelium

- characteristics

Stratified

- more than one layer

Transitional

- several layer of cells where the shape changes according to functional status of the organ

ciliated and nonciliated

- specific subtype of lining/surface epithelium

simple columnar

keratinized or non-keratinized

- specific subtype of lining/surface epithelium

stratified -----

MEROCRINE

APOCRINE

HOLOCRINE

- glandular epithelium

- fate of secreting cells

tubular, alveolar, tubuloalveolar

- glandular epithelium

- acc to morphology

simple and compound

- glandular epithelium

- acc to morphology

- tubular (2)

simple tubular

simple coiled tubular

simple branched tubular

- glandular epithelium

- acc to morphology

- simple

glandular epithelium

- breast

catalase

- An enzyme produced in all cells to decompose hydrogen peroxide (agna oxinada)

cells

- Perform all activities necessary to maintain life

cells

- metabolism, assimilation, digestion, excretion, reproduction

tissues

- Made up of different types of cells

Epithelial tissue

- covers and protects

Connective tissue

- binds and supports other tissues

Muscle tissue

- movement

Nervous tissue

- connects sensory structures to motor structures

Hemopoictic tissues

- blood cells for distribution of substances and protection from infection

Nucleus

- Control center of the cell

nucleus

- what contains genetic material (DNA)

trilaminar

semipermeable

- (2) Principal parts of the eukaryotic cell

-CELL MEMBRANE

heterochromatin (inactive)

euchromatin (active)

- Principal parts of the eukaryotic cell

- nucleus

- with DNA in the form of (2)

plasma membrane; trilaminar

- what has a barrier for cell contents called

Double phospholipid layer

- plasma membrsne has both Hydrophilic heads

Hydrophobic tails which means it has---

Protein

Cholesterol

Glycoprotein

Other materials in plasma membrane

include (3)

Cilium

- Plasma Membrane Specializations

- short hair- like that moves particles

Tight junctions

Plasma Membrane Specializations

• Membrane junctions

- prevents intercellular transport

Gap junctions

- Plasma Membrane Specializations

- Membrane junctions

- intercellular communication

Membrane transport

- cell membrane

- selectively permeable membrane

• osmosis

• protein channels

• active transport

• fluid mosaic model

- membrane cell transport in the cell membrane

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

ENDOCYTOSIS- phagocytosis pinocytosis

EXOCYTOSIS

- transport processes across the cell membrane

- active

simple diffusion

- Movement of solute from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low solute concentration

Active transport

- Movement of solute from an area of LOW solute concentration to an area of HIGH solute concentration needing Energy molecule( ATP)

Phagocytosis

- engulfing;

- internalization

Pinocytosis

- Water drinking

cytoplasm

- Material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane

cytosol

- found in the cytoplasm

- Fluid that suspends other elements

organelles

- found in the cytoplasm

- Metabolic machinery of the cell

inclusion bodies

- found in the cytoplasm

- water and food

Ribosomes

- Cytoplasmic Organelles

- Made of protein and RNA

Ribosomes

- Cytoplasmic Organelles

- Sites of protein synthesis

Nissl's bodies

- ribosomes in neurons

Mitochondria

- Powerhouse of the cell ( ATP)

Cristae

- in the mitochondria

- inner folds where cellular respiration occurs

Mitochondria

- synthesize atp

Mitochondria

- Energy requirements of cell determine cristae number

Mitochondria

- Also accumulate Ca +, synthesize nucleic acids and proteins, -- oxidation of fatty acids

Mitochondria

- numerous in neurons and muscles

Endoplasmic Reticulum

- Largest cytoplasmic organelle

Endoplasmic Reticulum

-Connects with outer nuclear and cell

membranes

Rough ER

- Types of ER

- for protein synthesis attached ribosomes

Rough ER

- protein-EXTRACELLULAR USE

Smooth ER

- fat transport and sex hormone synthesis & steroids,

Golgi apparatus

- Collection of flat saclike cisternae

Golgi apparatus

- Concentration and collection of cellular compounds

Golgi apparatus

- Storage warehouses

Golgi apparatus

- Carbohydrate synthesis site

Golgi apparatus

- "packaging"

digest stored food

maintenance and repair of organelles

suicide agents for old or weak cells

- Function: role in cellular defense in lysosome

Catalase

- converts H202 into H20 and 02

Peroxisomes(microbodies)

- Detoxify harmful substances

Actin

- cytoskeleton

- Microfilaments in muscles

Keratin

- cytoskeleton

- Intermediate filaments

- epithelial cells

Neurofilaments

- cytoskeleton

- Intermediate filaments

- neurons

centrioles

- cytoskeleton

- microtubules

- determine polarity of cell

cilia

- cytoskeleton

- Microtubules

- line respiratory tract

flagella

- cytoskeleton

- Microtubules

- tail of spermatozoa

Intermediate filaments

- 10 mm in

Microtubules

- 25 mm in dia

-Cells that connect body parts

-cells that cover and line body organs

-cells that stores nutrients

-cells that fight diseases

- cell diversities

interphase and mitosis

- Cell Life Cycle

- Cells have two major periods

interphase

- cell grows

-Longest and most variable

cell division

- produce more cells for growth and repair processes

mitosis

- cell division

- formation of two daughter nuclei

Epithelial cells

Extra/intercellular substance

- lining/surface epithelium composition

number of layers

- subtype of lining/surface epithelium

- what is based on the ------ of cells