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Geographical Advantage
European empires conquered territories across the Atlantic Ocean, giving them a strategic edge over potential Asian and Eastern European competitors.
Maritime Innovation
European advancements in shipbuilding, navigation, and sailing techniques enabled longer and more efficient voyages across the open ocean.
Motivations for Exploration
European states were driven by desires for new trade routes, competition with other powers, the spread of Christianity, and state-sponsored ventures to expand overseas.
Impact of Diseases
European diseases devastated indigenous populations in the Americas, contributing significantly to the success of European conquests.
Alliances with Indigenous Peoples
European explorers formed alliances with local groups to aid in conquests, leveraging local knowledge, resources, and manpower.
The Great Dying
Contact with European diseases led to catastrophic mortality rates among Native American populations, causing significant demographic consequences.
Little Ice Age
Unusually cool temperatures during the Little Ice Age impacted global climate, agricultural productivity, and led to the General Crisis in the mid-seventeenth century.
The Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between the Americas and Afro-Eurasia transformed societies, economies, and environments globally.
