BIOL 1201 Exam 2 Study Guide

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts from the BIOL 1201 Exam 2 Study Guide on membrane structure, metabolism, cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and cell division.

Fluid Mosaic Model

A model describing the structure of cell membranes as a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

Selective permeability

The property of biological membranes that allows certain molecules to cross more easily than others.

Diffusion

The passive movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Osmosis

The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane, often facilitated by aquaporins.

Facilitated diffusion

A process that requires transport proteins to help move molecules across the cell membrane without the use of ATP.

Active transport

The movement of molecules across a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration, requiring ATP.

Cholesterol

A molecule that acts as a fluidity buffer in the membrane, affecting its fluidity.

Catabolic pathways

Metabolic pathways that break down molecules to release energy.

Anabolic pathways

Metabolic pathways that build up molecules, consuming energy.

ATP hydrolysis

The process of breaking down ATP into ADP and inorganic phosphate, releasing energy to power cellular reactions.

Enzymes

Biological catalysts that lower activation energy and have specific active sites.

Competitive inhibition

A form of enzyme inhibition where the inhibitor competes with the substrate for the active site.

Feedback inhibition

A metabolic control mechanism in which the end product of a pathway inhibits an earlier enzyme.

Glycolysis

The first stage of cellular respiration, occurring in the cytosol, that breaks down glucose into pyruvate.

Citric Acid Cycle

A cycle that occurs in the mitochondrial matrix, generating electron carriers NADH and FADH2.

Electron Transport Chain

The final stage of cellular respiration where electrons are transferred through a series of proteins and ATP is produced.

Chemiosmosis

The process by which ATP is produced in the mitochondria using a proton gradient.

Photosynthesis

The process by which autotrophs convert light energy into chemical energy, primarily occurring in chloroplasts.

Calvin cycle

The phase of photosynthesis that uses ATP and NADPH to fix carbon dioxide into glucose.

Interphase

The phase of the cell cycle consisting of G1 (growth), S (DNA replication), and G2 (preparatory phase) before mitosis.

Mitosis

A type of cell division that results in two identical daughter cells (PMAT: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase).

Meiosis

A two-stage process of cell division that results in four genetically diverse haploid gametes.

Crossing over

A genetic process during meiosis where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material, increasing genetic variation.

Independent assortment

The process during meiosis where chromosomes are distributed randomly into gametes.