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Niche tourism
tourism which caters the needs for a small number of tourists incl include Adventure tourism, Ecotourism, Heritage tourism, Movie tourism, Agro tourism, Medical tourism, Silver (grey) tourism, and Dark tourism.
adventure tourism
a type of niche tourism whereby the tourists travel to remote areas or physically challenging environments that are sometimes dangerous to the tourists. eg. Travels to Mt Everest, Nepal. Embarking on a trip to this summit cost about $50,000.
benefits the local community and also gives the tourist the opportunity to discover aspects of nature that are less known.
benefits local envrionment as tourists are well educated
extreme environment tourism
involves dangerous landscapes often with a difficult climate, and remote places that are sparsely settled or not occupied at all
eg. marathon des sables
movie location tourism
eg. Venice for James bond movies
oxford for harry potter
heritage tourism
travel to experience the place, artefacts, historic sites or indigenous people.
advantages of niche tourism
It is environmentally friendly, as it causes less pollution due to the limited number of people involved
It benefits the local population
Tourists are able to maximize the benefits of their tourist experience
disadvantages of niche toursim
It can be dangerous because it sometimes involves extreme and risky activities
It can be expensive
They are more like to be exposed to various attacks by criminals
mass tourism
Mass tourism caters for the needs of a large number of people. This includes packaged tours and itineraries.
opposite to niche
advantages of mass tourism
Travel in large groups thus it is safer.
It is cheaper because the cost is shared among everyone.
It boosts socialization because the tourists travel with people they are familiar with
It is well organised.
less time consuming than thoroughly planning own holdiay
disadvantages of mass tourism
It is expensive in the long term because some travel and tourism agencies take advantage of the tourists.
Tourists are sometimes forced to visit places they might not want to visit.
It may lead to environmental degradation: noise pollution, water pollution, air pollution etc
Mass tourism may sometimes lead to terrorist attacks.
how have TNC’s expanded international tourism
in countries such as kenya, maldives, tourism has been a key stategy in promoting development. These countries, however, do not have the necessary financial resources to invest in the infrastructure needed to boost tourism or attract tourism therefore TNC’s have decided to invest in the countries
also can invest in airlines/hotels
advantages of TNC’s investment in tourism
Offer employment opportunities e.g as tour guides, drivers etc
Increase in government revenue through the payment of company taxes
Increase in foreign direct investment
TNCs help to advertise a country’s tourist potential.
TNCs help to develop the skills of the local people through skills training
disadvantages of TNC’s investment in tourism
Not everyone can afford the cost of services or goods provided by TNCs.
TNCs increase the cost of living in developing countries incl land prices
The activities of TNCs may lead to environmental pollution – Noise pollution, visual pollution, water pollution
They usually repatriate their profits.
The local people sometimes work under very poor working conditions.
Sometimes they disrespect the culture of the local people.
stakeholders in tourism industry
TNCs
residents: There is an increase in the number of jobs available.
TNCs compete with local companies and may put them out of business or cause them to improve their products or services
employees:More job opportunities.
TNCs provide other perks like subsidized healthcare, holidays etc.
In LICs, TNCs may provide training services for employees.
The working conditions may not be favourable
Local employees do not usually get high-paying jobs.
governments:The government gets more revenue from taxes.
It would reduce the cost of unemployment benefits given by the government to its citizens.
TNCs take the profit back to their home country.
Large TNCs can control the government in LICs
economic benefefits of using tourism as a national strategie
Increases the GDP of a country directly and indirectly through the ‘multiplier’ effect. Multiplier effect: this means that the revenue obtained from the tourism industry could benefit other industries which could yield further income in other industries.
Taxes increase government revenue. Government obtains tax from the tourists which can be used to invest in other projects in the country such as schools.
employment for local people
economic costs of using tourism as a national strategie
This may divert government attention from needy areas of the economy. Such as education and health.
Requires government expenditure on tourism: The government would have to spend a lot of money providing good roads etc.
Profits may go overseas – In the form of ‘leakage’. Leakage: when the profit is taken outside the country.
social benefits of tourism as a natural strategy
Encourages female education.
Saves the indigenous culture of the people due to tourist interest in them.
Increases international understanding of diverse cultures.
Culture exchanges stimulate broadening horizons.
social disadvantages of tourism as a national startegy
Westernization of culture may lead to the depletion of the cultural heritage of the local people.
environmental benefit of tourism as a national strategy
Improvement in landscape and architectural standards
The establishment of nature reserves and national parks protects the environment.
Promotes interest in monuments and historic sites which encourages preservation and maintenance of the sites.
environmental disad of tourism as a national strat
The natural environment and wildlife habitat could be destroyed to allow for the development of secondary tourist facilities such as hotels, nightclubs etc.
Excessive pressure leads to air, noise and visual pollution
Traffic congestion and pollution
case study of tourism as a development strategy
the maldives
maldives background info
archipelago fo 1900 islands, however only 200 are inhabited
population of 300,000
400,000 visit annually
tourism has grown at a rate of %% annually between 1990 and 2009 however has fallen and is predicted to only rise by 2% due to external shocks
examples of external shocks
sea level rise, typhoons, COVID-19
tourism economic benefits the maldives
accounts for 28% gdp
employment oppertunities due to the multiplier effect
external shocks which may affect the maldives: sea level rise
sea level rise
lowest country on the planet, average ground level only 1.5m above sea level
sea level expected to increase by 59cm by 2100
-inundation and flooding
external shocksthat may affect the maldives: tsunamis
located in a tectonically active zone affected by the asian tsunami in 2004, 300 mill in property damage
tourism fell by almost 5% following year
problems of tourism as a national strategy in the madlives
toursist consume more resources than maldivians incl water, more expensive to produce as most is from desalination
waste managment, high quantities produced + solid waste usually dumped into the sea or poorly managed sites
Leakage due to TNCS taking the profit
how the madlives is responding to these issues
new tourist development sites must undergo an environmental impact assesment +developmers must produce a mitigation plan against flooding
compulsory installation of incinerators, bottle crushers and compactors in all resorts
Political factors affecting the hosting of international sporting events
country is politically stable, it is more likely to host international sporting events. Chances of terrorism might also be reduced.
Political isolation. Countries like Cuba, North Korea and Iran may have a lesser chance of hosting an international sporting event because they have been isolated by the Western countries + allies eg. NK due to nuclear weapon programme
Member to the Commonwealth of Nations, Fifa etc is necessary for a country to be considered as a host nation if including sports associated w/ these bodies
Economic factors affecting the hosting of international sporting events
level of economic development: involves high expenditure on infrastructure
Certain number of cities: matches must be played in various cities. If the country has a limited number of cities then they would combine two countries. eg. Ghana and Nigeria combined to host AFCON. also to provide no. of spectators
social factors affecting the hosting of an international sporting event
Whether the country has a history of actively participating in that sporting event and succeeding in it. If the country doesn’t like that sport, they would not host it. For instance, Ghana would never host a cricket game.
The level of interest of the people in the sporting event. If the people like watching it or participating in it then the people would vote for it to host it.
international sporting event case study
London 2012 olympics, took place over 6 boroughs , with 56% of these areas having high levels of deprivation incl hackney
levels of unemployment around 4% higher than rest of UK
how was the area rebranded
A new 80,000 seater stadium already claimed by West Ham football club, but also to host world events.
incl areas of greenspace and open spaces
Created the olympic village which after the games was proposed to be turned into 3,000 affordable homes - Creating 50,000 long term jobs for peopl
was the rebrandment a sucess:no
less than half the homes were actually turned into affordable housing, most auctioned off at much higher prices
A wind turbine that was going to be built and provide around 20% of power for the games was scrapped
The cost of living in the surrounding area has increased dramatically. For example it has risen by 69% in Hackney
was the rebrandment a sucess: yes
The BMX track is open to the public as well as the aquatics genre which attracts 800,000 visitors a year.
The target to cut 100,000 tonnes of carbon was met, the equivalent of taking 65,000 cars off the road for 12 months
Note 
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