HISTOPATHOLOGY & MEDTECH LAWS (MTLE)

EPITHELIAL TISSUE

Derived from all germ layers; ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

• MUSCULAR TISSUE

• CONNECTIVE TISSUE

These (2) both derived from mesoderm

NERVOUS TISSUE

Derived mainly from ectoderm

TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

Found mainly in the urinary tract; ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra

FLAT-SHAPED

Stretched shape of Transitional Epithelium? 

STRETCHED / FLAT-SHAPED

Urothelium WITH water?

DOME SHAPED

Relaxed shape of Transitional Epithelium? 

DOME SHAPED

Urothelium WITHOUT water?

SCHISTOSOMA HAEMOTOBIUM

Parasite that causes Urothelial Carcinoma?

PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR CILIATED EPITHELIUM

Appears to be multiple layers but a single layer with a common basement

TRACHEA (WIND PIPE)

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium is found in?

LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Wharton’s jelly; hypodermis (adipose tissue)

WHARTON’S JELLY

Washed 6-8x when processing to remove the cord blood

AUTOCRINE

Types of Signaling that functions as Autoregulation?

PARACRINE

Types of Signaling that functions as Neighboring cells?

JUXTACRINE

Types of Signaling that functions as Secretion in cell membrane?

APOCRINE

Types of Signaling that functions as Apical portion?

MEROCRINE

Types of Signaling that functions as Vesicle formation?

HOLOCRINE

Types of Signaling that functions as Whole cells?

EXOCRINE

With glands and ducts

ENDOCRINE

Secretion are directed to blood vessels

PANCREAS

Organ that both has exocrine and endocrine gland?

AMYLASE

EARLIEST marker of acute pancreatitis

SALIVARY

S-type or ptyalin

PANCREATIC

P-type or amylopsin

LIPASE

MOST SPECIFIC marker of acute pancreatitis

1. OSTEOBLAST

2. OSTEOCYTE

3. OSTEOCLAST

Types of Bones?

OSTEOCYTE

Adult bone cell

INSIDE A LACUNA

Osteocyte is found in?

OSTEOCLAST

Bone macrophage?

OSTEOSARCOMA

Cancer of Bone? 

CARTILAGE

Chondrocyte; adult cartilage cell

ELASTIC CARTILAGE

Found in External ear; epiglottis, larynx, and nasal tip

FIBROCARTILAGE

Found in Joints; pubic bones of pelvis and IV disc

HYALINE CARTILAGE

Costal cartilage in the ribs, trachea, and nasal septum

CHONDROSARCOMA

Cancer of Cartilage? 

CD34

Stem Cell Marker of Hematopoietic Tissue?

FIBROBLAST

Most important cell in wound healing

COLLAGEN

Fibroblast produces?

SKELETAL MUSCLE 

Striated, voluntary

RHABDOMYOSARCOMA

Cancer of Skeletal Muscle?

SMOOTH MUSCLE

Nonstriated, involuntary

LEIOMYOSARCOMA

Cancer of Smooth Muscle?

CARDIAC MUSCLE

Striated, involuntary

INTERCALATED DISC

Found in cardiac muscle?

PATHOLOGY

Study of suffering (pathos and logos)

HIPPOCRATES

Father of Medicine?

RUDOLF VIRCHOW

Father of Cellular Pathology?

R. VIRCHOW TECHNIQUE

Most commonly used technique for Autopsy

GEORGE PAPANICOLAU

Father of Exfoliative Cytology

GIOVANNI BATTISTA MORGAGNI

Father of Modern Anatomical Pathology

SIGNS

Objective finding; observed by the senses

SYMPTOMS

Subjective finding

INCISIONAL BIOPSY

Removal of part or portion of the tissue from a living organism

EXCISIONAL BIOPSY

Removal of the entire tissue or organ from a living organism

NEEDLE BIOPSY

Also known as “core biopsy”

ASPIRATION BIOPSY

Removal of fluid sample

SMEAR / EXFOLIATIVE CYTOLOGY

Harvest of outer cell layer

BITE BIOPSY

Uses specialized forceps

PUNCH BIOPSY

Uses cylindrical blade

SHAVE BIOPSY

Small fragments of tissue are shaved from a surface

CURETTING’S

Tissue is scooped or spooned (raspa)

RAPID ONSITE EVALUATION (ROSE)

Collection, processing, and reading of result is done bedside

RAPID ONSITE EVALUATION (ROSE)

Applicable for aspiration biopsy, smear, and exfoliative cytology

MARASMUS

A total caloric deficiency causing profound wasting

KWASHIORKOR

A protein deficiency causing edema (swelling)

APLASIA

Incomplete or detective development occurs in paired organs

AGENESIS

Complete non-appearance of an organ or tissue

ATRESIA

Failure of an organ to form an opening

ATROPHY

Decrease in size of a normally mature organ

1. PHYSIOLOGIC ATROPHY

2. PATHOLOGIC ATROPHY

2 Types of Atrophy?

PHYSIOLOGIC ATROPHY

Normal consequence of growth ex: thymus, brain

PATHOLOGIC ATROPHY

Usually result from an underlying insult

1. SENILE ATROPHY

2. BROWN ATROPHY

Examples of Physiologic Atrophy?

SENILE ATROPHY

Drying of the skin due to the atrophy of the sebaceous gland (wrinkles)

BROWN ATROPHY

Lipofuschin (wear and tear) pigment of the body

1. VASCULAR ATROPHY

2. PRESSURE ATROPHY

3. STARVATION ATROPHY

4. ATROPHY OF DISUSE

5. EXHAUSTION ATROPHY

6. ENDOCRINE ATROPHY

Examples of Pathologic Atrophy?

VASCULAR ATROPHY

Inadequate blood supply

PRESSURE ATROPHY

Persistent pressure

STARVATION ATROPHY

Decreased nourishment

ATROPHY OF DISUSE

Inactivity

EXHAUSTION ATROPHY

Overuse

ENDOCRINE ATROPHY

Decrease/absent of stimulus

HYPERTROPHY

Increase in cell size leading to increase in size of the tissue or organ

HYPERPLASIA

Increase in cell number leading to increase in size of the tissue or organ

ANAPLASIA

Conversion of adult cell type reverting to its primitive form

METAPLASIA

Conversion from one adult cell type to another

DYSPLASIA

Change in cellular shape, size, orientation

HYPOPLASIA

Fails to reach mature adult size

SQUAMOUS METAPLASIA

Conversion of pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium

TRACHEA OF CHAIN SMOKER

Squamous metaplasia is seen in?

INTESTINAL METAPLASIA

GERD occurs in?

NEOPLASIA

Abnormal growth and multiplication of cells (tumor formation)

1. PARENCHYMA

2. STROMA

2 Parts of Tumor are?

PARENCHYMA

Neoplastic or proliferating / dividing cells

STROMA

Blood vessels and supporting tissues

BENIGN TUMOR

Type of tumor that is usually non-fatal because it rarely spreads and it is encapsulated

-OMA

Benign tumor ends in?

• TERATOMA

• SEMINOMA

• MELANOMA

• LYMPHOMA

Benign tumor that ends in -oma EXCEPT: (Thanks So Much Lord)

MALIGNANT TUMOR

Type of tumor that spreads easily (metastasis) and are usually fatal