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Protestant Reformation
A religious movement in the 16th century that aimed to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the establishment of Protestant churches.
Wars of Religion
Conflicts in Europe between Catholics and Protestants, primarily in the 16th and 17th centuries, resulting from the Protestant Reformation.
Roman Catholic Church
The Christian church based in the Vatican City, led by the Pope, and historically dominant in Western Europe.
Eastern Orthodox Church
A Christian church that split from the Roman Catholic Church in the Great Schism of 1054, centered in Eastern Europe and the Middle East.
Simony
The practice of buying and selling church offices, which was a form of corruption in the Catholic Church during the 16th century.
Nepotism
The appointment of family and friends to church positions based on personal relationships rather than qualifications.
Indulgences
Pardons sold by the Catholic Church to reduce a person's punishment for sins, seen as a corrupt practice by many during the Reformation.
Martin Luther
An Augustinian monk and key figure in the Protestant Reformation, known for his 95 Theses and emphasis on salvation by faith alone.
95 Theses
A list of grievances against the Catholic Church written by Martin Luther and posted on the door of the Wittenberg Castle Church in 1517.
Printing Press
Invention, a machine for printing text or pictures from type or plates, that greatly facilitated the spread of ideas during the Reformation, allowing Luther's writings to reach a wide audience and contribute to the split in the Christian church.
John Calvin
A French theologian, pastor, and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation.
Doctrine of Predestination
The belief that God has determined in advance who will be saved and who will be damned.
Doctrine of the Elect
The belief that those chosen by God for salvation are the elect and cannot lose their salvation.
Institutes of the Christian Religion
A foundational work of Protestant theology by John Calvin.
Calvinism
A major branch of Protestantism following the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice set down by John Calvin.
Huguenots
French Protestants influenced by John Calvin.
War of the 3 Henrys
A conflict in France starting in 1587 involving three contenders named Henry vying for the French throne - Henry III, Henry of Navarre, and Henry of Guise.
Henry III
A Catholic king of France during the War of the 3 Henrys, supported by his mother Catherine de Medici, who was deeply unpopular among both Catholics and Protestants.
Henry of Navarre
A Huguenot leader of the Bourbon family who became King of France as Henry IV after the assassinations of Henry III and Henry of Guise, known for issuing the Edict of Nantes in 1598.
Edict of Nantes
Issued by Henry IV in 1598, officially establishing France as Catholic while granting freedom of worship to the Huguenots, promoting religious toleration.
Peace of Augsburg
A treaty in 1555 in the Holy Roman Empire allowing individual rulers to choose between Lutheranism and Catholicism for their territories, aiming to end religious conflicts and maintain state power.
Holy Roman Empire
A confederation of loosely connected states with individual rulers, where the Peace of Augsburg granted rulers the authority to decide the religion of their territories.
Defenestration of Prague
An event in 1618 where Protestant nobles threw Catholic officials out of a window in Prague, sparking the 30 Years War after Ferdinand II's actions against Protestants in Bohemia.
30 Years War
A major European conflict from 1618 to 1648, involving four phases - Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, and French, transitioning from a religious to a political conflict.
Peace of Westphalia
The treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648 and marked a turning point in European history by effectively ending all of Europe's religious wars.
Catholic Reformation
Also known as the Counter Reformation, it was a response by the Catholic Church to criticisms from Protestant reformers like Martin Luther and John Calvin, aiming to clean up corrupt practices and maintain power and influence.
Council of Trent
A series of meetings held intermittently from 1545 to 1563 with the purpose of reforming the Catholic Church, reaffirming doctrines, and addressing some corrupt practices, but failing to achieve reconciliation with Protestants.
Roman Inquisition
Established by Pope Paul III, it had the authority to arrest and execute heretics, reflecting the Catholic Church's efforts to maintain power through fear and intimidation.
Index of Prohibited Books
A list of books containing heretical doctrines that were banned by the Catholic Church, including works by Christian humanists like Erasmus and Protestant reformers.
Jesuits
A religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola, focused on spiritual renewal, taking vows of poverty and chastity, establishing schools, and engaging in extensive missionary efforts around the world.
Social Hierarchy
The system that defines a person's social status based on factors like class, religion, and gender, with changes during this period including the rise of merchant elites and the importance of land ownership.
Patriarchal Structure
A social system where men hold primary power and predominate in roles of political leadership, moral authority, social privilege, and control of property.
Querelle de Femme
Translated as the "woman question," it was a debate among French intellectuals about women's proper role in society, including the discussion of women's education.
Anabaptists
A Protestant group that believed in adult baptism, separation of church and state, and the importance of individual interpretation of the Bible. Some Anabaptists allowed women to hold positions of authority and even become preachers.
Carnival
A festive season that occurs before Lent, characterized by public celebrations, parades, and the wearing of masks and costumes. It was a time of revelry and excess that some Protestant leaders sought to regulate.
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