Chapter 1: Introduction

• Unit 2 of AP European History curriculum is crucial for success in the class and exam.

• Understanding the Protestant Reformation and wars of religion is essential.

• The Roman Catholic church dominated Western Europe after the split with the Eastern Orthodox church.

• Corruption in the Catholic church included simony, nepotism, and indulgences.

• Martin Luther, a monk, challenged the church's practices and beliefs.

• Luther's 95 theses criticized church corruption and sparked the Protestant Reformation.

• Luther's ideas spread rapidly due to the printing press.

• Luther's support from German princes weakened the pope's power.

• Luther's use of vernacular language and printing press contributed to the spread of Protestant doctrine.

Chapter 2: Impact of Luther's Protest

• Luther's protest was not the first, but it had a significant impact due to the printing press.

• Luther's access to printing technology allowed his ideas to spread widely.

• Luther's vernacular Bible in German helped common people understand and support Protestant doctrine.

• The spread of Luther's ideas led to the Protestant Reformation and the second major split in the Christian church.

Chapter 2: The Catholic Church

• Reformation in Switzerland under John Calvin

  • Calvin's split from Luther over interpretations of salvation doctrine

  • Calvin's major theological developments: predestination and the doctrine of the elect

  • Salvation not by human choice but God's choice

  • Elect individuals had no choice in salvation and could not lose it

  • Criteria for being part of the elect: desire for salvation and good works

  • Contrast with Catholic doctrine of faith and good works for salvation

  • Wealth accumulation as a sign of election, with the obligation to care for the poor

  • Establishment of a welfare state in Geneva under Calvin's direction

• Calvin's Influence and Control in Geneva

  • Tight connection between church and state in Geneva

  • Theocracy in Geneva, ruled directly by God

  • Citizens required by law to attend church 5 days a week

  • Strict rules enforced, including no drinking, dancing, or swearing

  • Control over the population through adherence to rules

• Impact of Calvin's Work

  • Calvin's book "Institutes of the Christian Religion" spread through the printing press

  • Provided doctrinal order to Protestant churches

  • Spread of Calvinism leading to the emergence of groups like the Huguenots in France and the Puritans in England

• Anabaptists and Europe's Wars of Religion

  • Anabaptists' beliefs on baptism and separation of church and state

  • Disagreement with Calvin and Luther on infant baptism

  • Opposition to military service and commitment to pacifism

  • Conflicts between European states leading to Europe's wars of religion

• France and the Holy Roman Empire

  • Rise of Protestantism in France with the Huguenots

  • Conflict between Catholics and Huguenots leading to the French Wars of Religion

  • Massacres of Huguenots, including the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre in 1572

  • Political motivations behind the conflicts to consolidate power and allegiance

Chapter 3: War Of Protestant

War of the 3 Henrys in France

• Henry's life spared by converting to Catholicism

• War broke out with 3 Henrys vying for French throne

  • Henry III, a Catholic, unpopular among Protestants and Catholics

  • Henry of Navarre, Huguenot leader, married to Henry III's sister

  • Henry of Guise, Catholic wanting only Catholics to rule

• Henry III and Henry of Guise assassinated, leaving Henry of Navarre to become Henry IV

• Henry IV issued Edict of Nantes in 1598 for religious toleration

30 Years War in the Holy Roman Empire

• Peace of Augsburg in 1555 allowed rulers to choose between Lutheran or Catholic

• Frederick I challenged Catholic absolutism, leading to war

• Defenestration of Prague sparked the war

• Four phases of the war:

  • Bohemian phase (1618-1625): localized war in Bohemia

  • Danish phase (1625-1630): King of Denmark led attacks against Catholics

  • Swedish phase (1630-1635): war extended beyond Holy Roman Empire, King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden organized Protestants

  • French phase (1635-1648): evolution from religious to political conflict, French supporting Protestants to diminish Habsburg power

Chapter 4: The Catholic Church

Peace of Westphalia

• Ended the 30 years war and marked a turning point in European history

• Included Calvinism as a legitimate faith

• Weakened the Holy Roman Emperor and strengthened individual states

• Signaled the end of Europe's religious wars and universal Christendom

Catholic Reformation

• Response to criticisms from Protestant reformers like Luther and Calvin

• Reasons for reform: ideological criticism and loss of followers to Protestantism

• Actions taken: establishment of Roman Inquisition, index of prohibited books, Council of Trent

• Council of Trent: cleaned up corrupt practices, reaffirmed Catholic doctrines, cemented division in Christianity

Establishment of New Religious Orders

• Saint Teresa of Avila established the Carmelite order

• Jesuits founded by Ignatius of Loyola for spiritual renewal

• Jesuits took vows of poverty and chastity, focused on missionary efforts worldwide

Social Hierarchy

• Class status previously determined by wealth and family, but merchant elites allowed upward mobility

• Land ownership still prestigious, reflected in English parliament structure

• Religion and gender also played roles in social standing

• Patriarchy dominated society, emphasizing male authority

By the end of the 30 years war, the Peace of Westphalia marked a significant turning point in European history, leading to the end of religious wars and the decline of the Holy Roman Empire. The Catholic Church responded to criticisms through the Catholic Reformation, including actions like the Roman Inquisition and the Council of Trent. New religious orders like the Carmelites and Jesuits were established for spiritual renewal and missionary efforts. Social hierarchies based on class, religion, and gender continued to shape European society during this period, with patriarchy prevailing as the dominant social order.

Chapter 5: The Catholic Church

• Women's roles in society:

  • Expected to submit to husbands and fathers

  • Excluded from economic and political life

• Debates on women's education and roles:

  • Querelle de femme: debate on women's fitness for university education

  • Arguments for and against women's education based on perceived inferiority

• Women in the Catholic Church:

  • Excluded from priesthood and positions of authority over men

  • Could become nuns and contribute within convent communities

• Society and governance:

  • Transition from church to secular authorities legislating public morals

  • Laws against prostitution and restrictions on festivities like carnival

• Public punishments and social norms:

  • Stocks, flogging, and other forms of public humiliation

• Rise of capitalism and leisure culture:

  • Increased participation in blood sports and saints' day festivities

• Witchcraft craze:

  • Belief in witches' pact with the devil, leading to executions

  • Majority of those executed for witchcraft were women

Chapter 6: Conclusion

• Witch hunts in the Holy Roman Empire:

  • Majority of witchcraft executions occurred in the Holy Roman Empire

  • Possible scapegoating of women due to social upheaval and wars

• Art during the Renaissance:

  • Mannerism: distorted figures, deep emotion, exemplified by Michelangelo

  • Baroque art: ornate, dramatic, developed during the Catholic Reformation

  • Peter Paul Rubens as a prominent artist in