Patho Final Exam

Atropine sulfate

Class: Anticholinergic

MOA: dilates eyes (mydriasis)

Use: diagnostic testing

**Contraindicated for glaucoma

Pilocarpine

Class: Cholinergic
MOA: contracts eyes (miosis) decreasing IOP
Use: open-angle glaucoma

Timolol

Class: Beta-adrenergic blocker

MOA: reduces IOP

Use: glaucoma

**Contraindicated in pt. w/ respiratory or cardiac problems

Augmentin

Class: antibiotic

MOA: inactivates beta-lactamases

Use: otitis media

**Contraindicated in pt. w/ jaundice or liver disease

Penicillin

Class: antibiotic

MOA: cell wall synthesis inhibitor

Use: ENNT infections

**Works against GRAM +

Gentamicin

Class: aminoglycoside antibiotic

MOA: kills/prevents bacterial growth

Use: bacterial infections

**Only given IV & nephrotoxic and ototoxic

Ciprofloxacin

Class: fluroquinolone

MOA: inhibits DNA synthesis

Use: otitis media, sinusitis

**Can cause tendon rupture

Tetracycline

Class: protein synthesis inhibitor

MOA: penetrates microbial cells

Use: cholera, rocky mountain fever, Lymes, acne

**Contraindicated= dairy, antacids, iron

Discolors tooth enamel and prevent bone growth

Erythromycin

Class: protein synthesis inhibitor (macrolide)

MOA: inhibits bacteria growth

Use: prophylactic for dental surgery, respiratory infection

**Reversible hearing loss & confusion

Contraindicated in liver disease, myasthenia gravis, grapefruit juice, & st. johns wort

Metronidazole

Class: protein synthesis inhibitor (macrolide)

MOA: inhibits bacteria growth

Use: bacterial infection, C. diff, H. pylori

**Adverse effect= disulfiram reaction

Contraindicated with pregnancy & alcohol

Vancomycin

Class: glycopeptide antibiotic

MOA: inhibits cell wall synthesis

Use: bacterial infections

**Adverse effect= red mans syndrome

Pseudonepedrine

Class: nasal decongestant
MOA: vasoconstricts to relieve congestion
Use: rhinitis

Dextromethorphan

Class: antitussives

MOA: depresses cough center

Use: dry nonproductive cough

**Contains narcotics which can be addictive

Guaifenesin

Class: expectorant
MOA: liquefy respiratory secretions
Use: clears mucus from chest

Diphenhydramine (Benadryl)

Class: antihistamine

MOA: reduces histamine effects

Use: allergies

**Can have paradoxical affects

Captopril

Class: ACE inhibitor

MOA: dilates blood vessels to lower BP

Use: HTN

**Adverse effect= DRY COUGH, hyperkalemia, orthostatic hypotension

Potassium sparing

Contraindicated with impaired renal function

Prazosin

Class: alpha-blocker

MOA: blocks vasoconstriction of heart

Use: HTN

**Can cause orthostatic hypotension on first dose

Amlodipine

Class: calcium channel blocker
MOA: prevents contraction, lowering BP
Use: hypertension & angina
**Contraindicated= grapefruit juice

Furosemide

Class: loop diuretic

MOA: inhibits reabsorption in loop of Henle

Use: HF, edema, HTN

**Adverse effects= hypotension, hypokalemia, & ototoxicity

Most potent & effective

Hydrochlorothiazide

Class: thiazide diuretic

MOA: inhibits reabsorption of Na

Use: hypotension

**Most widely prescribed diuretic for hypertension

Nitroprusside

Class: vasodilator

MOA: relaxes heart muscles

Use: HTN

**Continuous infusion

Metoprolol

Class: beta blocker
MOA: reduces HR and BP
Use: HTN, HF, angina, MI

Digoxin

Class: cardiac glycoside

MOA: causes heart to beat slower and more forceful (positive inotropic agent)

Use: HF

**Narrow therapeutic index

Glyuride

Class: sulfonylurea

MOA: increases secretion of insulin

Use: treats elevated glucose serum

**Contraindicated in renal & hepatic impairment, pregnancy, NPO

Metformin

Class: biguanide

MOA: increases use of glucose by cells

Use: insulin resistance

**BB warning of fatal lactic acidosis

Lispro Humalog

Class: rapid acting insulin
MOA: given before meals to lower blood glucose levels
Use: diabetes

Humulin

Class: short acting insulin
MOA: given before meals to lower blood glucose levels
Use: diabetes

Glargine & detemir

Class: long acting insulin
MOA: keeps blood glucose levels steady
Use: diabetes

Omeprazole

Class: proton pump inhibitor

MOA: blocks enzymes responsible for secreting stomach acid

Use: GERD, peptic ulcers, stress ulcers

**Increases risk of osteoporosis & can cause C. DIFF

Give drug b4 food

Famotidine

Class: h2 receptor antagonist

MOA: blocks h2 (h2 increases acid secretion)

Use: GERD, duodenal/gastric ulcer, stress ulcers

**Can cause confusion in older adults

Sucralfate

Class: mucosal protectant
MOA: protects ulcer from stomach acid to allow for healing
Use: stress ulcers

Psyllium

Class: bulk forming laxative
MOA: absorbs water, adding bulk to stool
Use: constipation & high cholesterol

Docusate

Class: surfactant laxative
MOA: softens tool
Use: post-op to prevent constipation

Ondansetron

Class: serotonin antagonist
MOA: selective serotonin receptor antagonist
Use: post-op nausea relief

Lomotil

Class: antidiarrheal

MOA: slows peristalsis

Use: diarrhea

**Contains opioid & atropine (to prevent addiction)

Vitamin K

Found in: green vegetables

**Infants are given prophylactic IM dose due to bile deficiency

BB warning= can't give IV

Iron

Found in: liver, red meat, beans, poultry
**should be taken by women and children

Carbidopa-Levodopa

Class: dopamine receptor agonist

MOA: restores dopamine in brain

Use: tremors in parkinsons

**Contraindicated= high protein meals

Benztropine mesylate

Class: cholinergic receptor antagonist
MOA: decreases effects of dopamine deficiency
Use: suppresses tremors and rigidity in parkinsons

Memantine

Class: n-methyl-d aspartate receptor

MOA: blocks gluconate (gluconate causes brain cell death)

Use: moderate-severe alzheimers

**Contraindicated in renal failure

Donepezil

Class: cholinesterase inhibitor

MOA: delays onset of Alzheimers

Use: mild-moderate alzheimers

**Give at BEDTIME

Phenytoin

Class: Hydantoins

MOA: delays influx of sodium ions

Use: seizures & first time drug for status epilepticus

**Give IV but not in hand (purple glove syndrome) & Category D

Can change color of urine

**High protein bound--> monitor for signs of hypocalcemia

Phenobarbital

Class: barbiturates

MOA: depresses CNS

Use: sedative and antiepileptic

BB warning= suicidal ideations

Diazepam

Class: benzodiazepine
MOA: depresses CNS by blocking RAS impulses
Use: antiepileptic, antidepressant, muscle relaxant

Morphine sulphate

Class: Opiod analgesic

MOA: Binds to receptors to block pain impulses

Use: moderate-severe pain

**Schedule 2 drug

Naloxone

Class: opioid antagonist

MOA: competes with opioids for receptor sites in brain

Use: reverse opioid-induced respiratory depression

Acetaminophen (Tyelenol)

Class: noninflammatory analgesic

MOA: inhibits prostaglandins

Use: pain

**Does not have GI effects like ibuprofen

Ibuprofen

Class: analgesic

MOA: inhibits postaglandin pathway and blocks COX (COX 1= protects gastic lining & COX 2 inflammatory process)

Use: headaches, pain, fever, inflammation

**Adverse effect= GI bleeding & gastric ulcers

Aspirin

Class: antiplatelet

MOA: thins blood

Use: pain syndromes resulting from inflammation

**Adverse effect= tinnitus & Reyes syndrome

Allopurinol

Class: xanthine oxidase inhibitor

MOA: prevents conversion to uric acid

Use: GOUT

**Adverse effect= bone marrow depression, steven johnson, renal damage

Sumatriptan

Class: triptan
MOA: binds to serotonin receptors
Use: migraines, N/V, photophobia, & phonophobia

Naproxen

Class: NSAID
MOA: blocks COX
Use: migraines

Lidocaine

Class: local anesthetic
MOA: blocks voltage gated sodium channels
Use: topical for neuralgia or injectable prior to epidural

Propafol

Class: general anesthetic
MOA: renders patient unconscious
Use: ambulatory surgery and diagnostic procedures
**Injected by anesthesiologist via IV