AP Human Geography Unit #2 Vocabulary

Aging Population

A population in which the percentage that is age 65 and older is increasing relative to other age groups

Agricultural population density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

Anti Natalist population policies

-Encourage couples to limit the number of children they have
-These policies discourage growth through provision of contraception or abortion or through establishment of specific disincentives, such as steep penalties for couples bearing more children than allowed by the state
-China is famous for its one-child population policy from the '80s in which many drastic measures (e.g. forced sterilization for couples with one child or infanticide of female babies), ensured decreasing population growth

Arithmetic population density

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

Boserup Theory

Population growth will not exceed food production. Land can be intensified through new methods, increasing your yield.

Carrying Capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

Contraception

Intentionally preventing pregnancy from occurring

Demographic transition model (DTM)

In the four stages of transition from an agricultural subsistence economy to an industrialized country, demographic patterns move from extremely high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. In the process, population growth rates skyrocket and then fall again. The crude death rate first falls because of the influx of better health technology, and then the birth rate gradually falls to match the new social structure.

Dependency ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

Ehrlich Theory

Ehrlich's theory is that there will be a disaster for humanity due to over population.

Epidemiological transition model (ETM)

A model highlighting the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

Fertility

The production of offspring within a population

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society.

Life Expectancy

The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.

Malthusian Theory

Starvation is the inevitable result of population growth, because the population increases at a geometric rate while food supply can only increase arithmetically

Mortality

the ratio of deaths to the population of a particular area or during a particular period of time, usually calculated as the number of deaths per one thousand people per year.

Neo-Malthusians

People who believed in Malthusian Theory and in the idea that population was not only outstripping food but other resources

Physiological population density

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

Population density

Number of individuals per unit area

Population Distribution

Description of locations on Earth's surface where populations live

Population-doubling time

The number of years it takes a population to double; calculated by dividing the number 72 by the rate of natural increase

Population Pyramids

Visual representations of the age and sex composition of a population whereby the percentage of each age group (generally five-year increments) is represented by a horizontal bar the length of which represents its relationship to the total population. The males in each age group are represented to the left of the center line of each horizontal bar; the females in each age group are represented to the right of the center line

Pro Natalist population policies

Policies that provide incentives for women to have children, typically in countries where population is declining.

Rate of natural increase

The annual rate of population growth

Sex ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

Migration

Movement of people from one place to another

Asylum seekers

Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee

Chain migration

The migration event in which individuals follow the migratory path of preceding friends or family members to an existing community.

Forced migration

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.

Guest worker

A term once used for a worker who migrated to the developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of a higher-paying job.

Internal migration

Migration within a country

Internally displaced persons

People who have been displaced within their own countries and do not cross international borders as they flee.

Interregional migration

movement from one region of a country to another

Intervening opportunities/obstacles

Is an environmental or cultural feature that hinders migration.

Intraregional migration

Movement within a region

Push/pull factors

Conditions that draw people to another location (pull factors) or cause people to leave their homelands and migrate to another region (push factors)

Ravenstein's laws of migration

Most migrants move only a short distance.
There is a process of absorption, whereby people immediately surrounding a rapidly growing town move into it and the gaps they leave are filled by migrants from more distant areas, and so on until the attractive force [pull factors] is spent.
There is a process of dispersion, which is the inverse of absorption.
Each migration flow produces a compensating counter-flow.
Long-distance migrants go to one of the great centers of commerce and industry.
Natives of towns are less migratory than those from rural areas.
Females are more migratory than males.
Economic factors are the main cause of migration.

Refugees

People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality, membership in a social group, or political opinion.

Rural-to-urban migration

The movement of people from the countryside to the city

Slavery

A system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people.

Step migration

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city

Transhumance

The seasonal migration of livestock between mountains and lowland pastures.

Transnational migration

A form of population movement in which a person regularly moves between two or more countries and forms a new cultural identity transcending a single geopolitical unit.

Voluntary migrations

When people wish to move because they wish to improve their economic or social wellbeing and/or gain personal freedom.