CRAM APUSH

Everything you need to know to g 3+

The columbian Exchange

The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.

Joint Stock Companies

businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses

Encomienda System

system in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills. (Spanish labor system)

Caste System in America

The diversity of European, African, and Native American groups led the Spanish to develop a caste system to define the status of these populations under the Spanish empire based on race and ethnicity. This social hierarchy determined the social, economic, and political status of individuals in the colonies.

Spanish Empire in America

was, unlike the French and English New World empires, a mostly urban civilization.

How did the Spanish treat the Native Americans?

The Spanish viewed the Native Americans as a source of labor and as potential converts to Christianity.

how did the French treat the Native Americans?

They treated the well by trading with them and ended up mixing cultures and learning each other's languages

How did the British treat the Native Americans?

Many settlements established

Violent conflicts

British North America

consisted of 13 colonies thickly populated,prospered,acted indep. Run by British Board of Trade, the Royal Council, and Parliament. Port city merchants resisted regulation from British

Chesapeake Colonies

In 1632, the area once known as the Virginia colony, has divided into the Virginia and Maryland colony. Maryland became the first proprietary colony. (p. 27)

New England Colonies

The term for the colonies of Massachusetts bay, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire

British West Indies

The british island off the coast of florida that the colonies trade with for sugar, rum and molasses

Middle Colonies

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

Southern Colonies

Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

Indentured Servitude

labor under contract to an employer for a fixed period of time, typically three to seven years, in exchange for their transportation, food, clothing, lodging and other necessities.

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Transatlantic trade

The exchange of goods, primarily slaves between Africa, America, and Europe.

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Metacom's War (King Philip's War)

1675-1676, period of bloody conflict between Wampanoag Indians and Puritan settlers in New England, an example of Indian resistance to English expansion in North America.

Pueblo Revolt

Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

Chattel Slavery

A chattel slave is an enslaved person who is owned for ever and whose children and children's children are automatically enslaved. Chattel slaves are individuals treated as complete property, to be bought and sold.

Great Awakening

Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established.

Enlightenment

A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions. (periods 2-6)

Anglicization

the colonial american desire to emulate English society, including English taste in foods, customs, and architecture

Seven Years' War (French and Indian War)

War fought in the colonies from 1754 to 1763 between the English and the French for possession of the Ohio River Valley area. The English won the war and the Peace of Paris was negotiated in 1763. (p. 70)

Taxation without representation

the idea that it is unfair to tax someone without giving them a voice in government (colonists argument/motto)

Benjamin Franklin

American intellectual, inventor, and politician He helped to negotiate French support for the American Revolution.

Patriot Movement

Movement or push toward independence in the colonies. Those that supported colonial independence were referred to as "Patriots" while those that were loyal to the British crown were called "Loyalists."

Thomas Paine's Common Sense was

a widely read criticism of continued British rule of the colonies

Declaration of Independence

Signed in 1776 by US revolutionaries; it declared the United States as a free state.

American Revolution

This political revolution began with the Declaration of Independence in 1776 where American colonists sought to balance the power between government and the people and protect the rights of citizens in a democracy.

Loyalist Opposition

American colonists who remained in favor of British rule and loyal to crown. Persecuted by Patriots, supported by redcoats. THERE OPPS WERE CALLED THE PATRIOTS. sometimes the loyalists were referred to as torries

Continental Army

Army formed in 1775 by the Second Continental Congress and led by General George Washington

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

Republican Motherhood

An idea linked to republicanism that elevated the role of women. It gave them the prestigious role as the special keepers of the nation's conscience. Educational opportunities for women expanded due to this. Its roots were from the idea that a citizen should be to his country as a mother is to her child.

Articles of Confederation

1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade) (was later unratified and replaced by current constitution)

Northwest Ordinance

Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states

Northwest Territory

lands northwest of the Appalachians, covered by the Land Ordinance of 1785

Constitutional Convention

A meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution

Constitution

A document which spells out the principles by which a government runs and the fundamental laws that govern a society; REPLACED THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION.

Anti-federalists

people who opposed the Constitution

Federalists

supporters of the Constitution

who is an example of an anti-federalist?

Thomas Jefferson

Who is an example of a federalist?

Alexander Hamilton

Federalist Papers

a collection of essays written in support of the Constitution

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt. HE WAS A FEDERALIST

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

Federalism

A system in which power is divided between the national and state governments

Separation of Powers

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

Democratic-Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence, 3rd president (Anti-federalist)

Farewell Address

1796 speech by Washington urging US to maintain neutrality and avoid permanent alliances with European nations

Louisiana Purchase

territory in western United States purchased from France in 1803 for $15 million

American System

Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.

Missouri Compromise

"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.

Indian Removal Act

(1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River. ANDREW JACKSONN.

Monroe Doctrine

an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers

Market Revolution

economic changes where people buy and sell goods rather than make them themselves

Democrats

Party led by Jackson - "Common Man"; pro states' rights; against the BUS

Andrew Jackson

The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.

Whigs

Anti-Jackson political party that generally stood for national community and an activist government

Henry Clay

A northern American politician. He developed the American System as well as negotiated numerous compromises.

Romanticism

19th century artistic movement that appealed to emotion rather than reason

Second Great Awakening

a revival of religious feeling and belief from the 1800s to the 1840s

Reform Movements

Work to change society for the better. Focused on improving conditions for the poor, enslaved, imprisoned, women, and disabled.

Utopianism

the aim of creating the perfect society

Temperance Movement

An organized campaign to eliminate alcohol consumption

Abolitionsim

Movement to end slavery

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) the first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Manifest Destiny

1800s belief that Americans had the right to spread across the continent. (Westward migration)

Mexican American War

(1846-1848) The war between the United States and Mexico in which the United States acquired one half of the Mexican territory.

Mexican Cession

1848. Awarded as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo after the Mexican American War. U.S. paid $15 million for 525,000 square miles.

Compromise of 1850

(1) California admitted as free state, (2) territorial status and popular sovereignty of Utah and New Mexico, (3) resolution of Texas-New Mexico boundaries, (4) federal assumption of Texas debt, (5) slave trade abolished in DC, and (6) new fugitive slave law; advocated by Henry Clay and Stephen A. Douglas

Nativism

A policy of favoring native-born individuals over foreign-born ones

Free-soil Movement

A political movement that opposed the expansion of slavery. In 1848 the free-soilers organized the Free-Soil Party, which depicted slavery as a threat to republicanism and to the Jeffersonian ideal of a freeholder society, arguments that won broad support among aspiring white farmers.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

1854 - Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to chose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty.

Dred Scott Decision

A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen.

Second Party System

The arrangement of political parties initiated by Andrew Jackson

Republican Party

Antislavery political party that formed in the 1850's.

Abraham Lincoln

16th President of the United States saved the Union during the Civil War and emancipated the slaves; was assassinated by Booth (1809-1865)

Election of 1860

Lincoln, the Republican candidate, won because the Democratic party was split over slavery. As a result, the South no longer felt like it has a voice in politics and a number of states seceded from the Union.

Election of 1860 Candidates

Lincoln, Douglas, Breckenridge, Bell

Civil War (1861-1865)

deadliest war in American history; conflict between north (union) and south (confederacy); 11 southern slave states wanted to secede from Union

Union

A worker association that bargains with employers over wages, benefits, and working conditions

Confederacy

A loose union of independent states

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by abraham lincoln on september 22, 1862 it declared that all slaves in the confederate states would be free

Gettysburg Address

(1863) a speech given by Abraham Lincoln after the Battle of Gettysburg, in which he praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the Civil War; supported the ideals of self-government and human rights

Reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

13th Amendment (1865)

Abolition of slavery w/o compensation for slave-owners

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

15th Amendment (1870)

U.S. cannot prevent a person from voting because of race, color, or creed

Radical Republicans

After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South.

Sharecropping

a tenant farmer who gives a part of each crop as rent.

Segregation

Separation of people based on racial, ethnic, or other differences

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad connecting the west and east coasts of the continental US

New South

After the Civil War, southerners promoted a new vision for a self-sufficient southern economy built on modern capitalist values, industrial growth, and improved transportation. Henry Grady played an important role.