Aristotle

Eudaimonia

A state of being that represents continuous joy in the virtuous person; not momentary happiness.

Form

The essence of a substance that organizes its matter and gives it physical character.

Material Cause

The matter required to produce something, such as the seed in the example of growth.

Efficient Cause

External substances required to help the material cause develop, like water, sun, and soil.

Final Cause

The purpose of why a thing is created; considered the most important cause.

Phronesis

Practical wisdom that involves judgment depending on a particular situation, as opposed to fixed truths.

Teleology

The philosophical study of purpose; states that all actions are directed toward an end (purpose).

Potential

An unrealized capability or property hidden within a thing, which cannot actualize itself.

Sophia

Theoretical wisdom with fixed truths based on knowledge.

Cardinal Virtues

The virtues that are essential to living a good life; they hinge upon these virtues.

Accidental Characteristics

Differences that can appear between substances of the same nature, such as height or color.

Immaterial Cause

The code or essence that directs a thing to its end or purpose.

Goodness

Any action that moves us towards our nature, our end, our Form, or telos.

Judgment in Ethics

Determined by experience, cultivated character, and not merely knowledge.

Habit

Actions practiced repeatedly that lead to good character and virtuous behavior.

Aristotle's Concept of Change

Change requires a substantial thing, an external cause, and potentiality embedded within the substance.

Prudence

The capacity to judge rightly the appropriateness of an action under the given circumstances.

Virtue according to Aristotle

Not merely knowledge but rooted in action and practiced character.

Nature of a Substance

Each substance has its own nature or 'thingness,' distinguishing it from other substances.

Against Materialism

Aristotle disagreed with the idea that things randomly banged into each other to form objects.

Character's Role in Decision Making

Decisions are made through character, which is shaped by habits and actions.

Difference Between Aristotle and Plato

Aristotle believed Form exists within matter, while Plato saw Form as separate and ideal.

Ethics in Aristotle's View

Judgment in ethics is adaptable and must change with circumstances, not fixed ideals.

The Importance of Habit in Virtue

Good actions lead to good judgment and, over time, to good character.

Four Kinds of Causes

Material, efficient, formal, and final causes, with final cause being the most important.