chapter 8 section 4

What are organisms in the intertidal zone adapted to?

Organisms in this zone are adapted to periodic exposure to air during low tide.

How do crabs avoid dehydration in the intertidal zone?

Crabs avoid dehydration by burrowing into the sand or mud.

How do clams, mussels, and oysters respond to low tide?

Clams, mussels, and oysters retreat into their shells at low tide.

What must organisms in the intertidal zone be able to do?

Organisms living in the intertidal zone must be able to withstand the force of crashing waves.

How do sea anemones and sea stars stay attached in the intertidal zone?

Sea anemones cling to rocks with a muscular disk, and sea stars use tube feet to adhere to surfaces.

What is the neritic zone? Supporting?

The neritic zone is the most productive zone in the ocean, supporting more species and numbers of organisms than any other zone.

Why is the neritic zone ideal for photosynthesis?

The water throughout most of the neritic zone is shallow enough for photosynthesis to occur.

What are upwellings in the neritic zone?

Strong currents called upwellings carry nutrients from the ocean bottom and mix them with nutrients contained in runoff from land.

These waters are rich in?What are plankton?

Plankton are communities of small organisms that drift with the ocean currents.

What consumes plankton in the neritic zone?

Plankton is consumed by many larger organisms, including fishes, squid, sea turtles, and other animals.

Coral reefs form in the ?like tropical rain forests ?What are coral reefs formed by?

, nertic zone of tropical areas, Coral reefs form in the neritic zone of tropical areas and are built over a long time by coral animals.

Coral reefs are productive and rich in species

What do coral animals secrete to build reefs?

They construct external skeletons of a hard chemical compound called calcium carbonate.

What happens to skeletons after the animals die?

The skeletons accumulate over time to form a reef.

What types of animals live on a coral reef?

Reefs are home to many species of fishes, crustaceans, mollusks, and other animals.

What is a mutualistic relationship found in coral reefs?

Some species of coral have a mutualistic relationship with photosynthetic protists, from which they receive food.

Coral reefs are built from?

state all the properties of neritic zone?

The skeletal remains of tinh marine animals and are contiually growing just below the surface of warm sunlit seas

1 high propductivity due to photsynthesis due to high light reaching it

2 plankton

3 upwelling

4 coral reefs

5 coral reefs mutualistic relation with photosynthetic protists

Why does the oceanic zone have fewer species than the neritic zone? The productivity per a swuare mrter lf open ocean is? The total productivity of the oceanic zone? About half?

Nutrient levels are too low to support as much life in the oceanic zone.

Very low beacuse the ocean covers such a vast area, is very high, the photosynthetic that ocures on earth happens jn the oceanic zone

What producers live in the oceanic zone?

Producers of the upper parts of the oceanic zone are protists and bacteria in the plankton.

What animals live in the oceanic zone?

Animals living in the oceanic zone include fishers, mammals such as whales, and many invertebrates.

What do animals in the aphotic zone feed on?

Animals feed primarily on sinking plankton and dead organisms.

What must organisms living deep in the ocean adapt to?

Organisms living deep in the ocean must cope with near-freezing temperature and crushing pressure.

What are features of deep-sea organisms like the squid?

Deep-sea organisms have slow metabolic rates and reduced skeletal systems.

What are adaptations of deep-sea fishes?

Deep-sea fishes have large jaws and teeth and expandable stomachs that can accommodate the rare prey than they can catch.

What are volcanic vents in the ocean?

Volcanic vents, deep in the sea, release water that is rich in minerals and often exceeds 750°C.

What are chemosynthetic bacteria?

Chemosynthetic bacteria use energy contained in hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and are the producers for this ecosystem.

What is an estuary?

An estuary occurs where freshwater rivers and streams flow into the sea.

What are examples of estuary communities?

Examples of estuary communities include bays, mud flats, and salt marshes.

Why is estuary water nutrient-rich?

The shallow water ensures plenty of light, and rivers deposit large amounts of mineral nutrients.

What causes variation in estuary water?

The interaction between fresh water and salt water causes great variation in temperature and salinity.

the ground of the estuaris are exposed during?

Much of the ground surface of an estuary is exposed during low tide.

Inhabitats of estuaris are adapted?How are estuary organisms adapted?

Inhabitants of estuaries are adapted for frequent change.

To frequent change

What is a special adaptation of mangrove trees?

Some mangrove trees have special glands on their leaves that eliminate excess salt water taken up by the roots.

Figure, The swuid in the photograph is adapted to?

Estuaris species richness=

The plant life? But birds amd aquatic, ocean estuaris are? Manh marine organisms? The dense vegetation protects them? Eastuaris are over the world, e.x?

Eating large wuantity of food at once beacuse the prey is hard to find

Is uniform but the birds and aquatic diversity is enormous, the oceans estuary

Hatch and live there lives in estuary

From the pounding wave sactions and gives them cover from predators , are examples of food animals that ebgin in estuaris are shrimp mullet redish and anchovis

What characterizes freshwater ecosystems?

Low levels of dissolved salts characterize freshwater ecosystems.

What is the salt content of freshwater?

The salt content of fresh water is about 0.005 percent.

What are examples of freshwater ecosystems?

Examples of freshwater ecosystems include lakes, ponds, clear mountain streams, and slow sediment-rich rivers.

How do ecologists categorize lakes and ponds?

Ecologists divide lakes and ponds into eutrophic and oligotrophic categories.

What are eutrophic lakes?

E.x.?

Eutrophic lakes are rich in organic matter and vegetation, making the waters relatively murky.

The giant water lily pocture is growing in a shalow eutrophic pond

What are oligotrophic lakes?

Oligotrophic lakes contain little organic matter. The water is much clearer, and the bottom is usually sandy or rocky.

fishes inhabit which lakes?

Fishes inhabit both eutrophic and oligotrophic lakes.

What mammals and birds are found in freshwater lakes? The amazon water lily is called?

Freshwater lakes support mammals such as the otter and muskrat, and birds such as ducks and fish-eating birds.

Victoria amazonica

What is a river?

A river is a body of water that flows down a gradient, or slope, toward its mouth.

How do rivers flow?

Water flows swiftly down steep gradients.

How are river organisms adapted?

Organisms are adapted to withstand powerful currents.

How do insects cling to river rocks?

Insects such as caddis flies and the nymphs of mayflies cling to rocks or other surfaces.

how do fishes in these currents get food then? and e.x of those fishes

they have evolved thes trength to face up stream while feeding on drifting inverterbrates

What do trout and other fishes do in rivers?

They swim upstream while feeding on drifting invertebrates.

how are slowmoving rivers?

Therfor support?

Slow-moving rivers and their backwaters are rich in species. Greater in nutriens and therfor a support a greater diversity of life

Rooted plants and the fishes that feed kn them are?

Adapted to the waker currents of slow moving rivers