Chapter 2 whole terms

Anabolism

process of building up complex proteins form simpler substances

Catabolism

process of breaking down complex foods into simpler substances

Metabolism

total of the chemical processes; anabolism + catabolism

Cell membrane

semi permeable structure that surrounds and protects the cell

Centrioles

tubular structures that maintain the cell’s shape and moves chromosomes during mitosis

Chromosomes

rod-like structures containing regions of DNA called genes

Cytoplasm

material inside the cell membrane that surrounds the nucleus

DNA

deoxyribonucleic acid, basic structure of genes that directs cell activity and transmits genetic information

Endoplasmic reticulum

protein factory where protein are made from simple materials

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

synthesizes lipids

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

synthesizes proteins

Golgi apparatus

processing factory where proteins are stored, modified, and transported

Lysosome

site of intracellular digestion containing enzymes to disintegrate microorganisms and damaged tissue

Mitochondria

energy factory of the cell in which foods are burned for energy

Nucleus

control center of the cell that contains chromosomes

Nucleolus

site of RNA synthesis, plural form is nucleoli

Ribosomes

structures found in endoplasmic reticulum containing RNA, and the site of protein synthesis

Adipose tissue

collection of fat cells

Connective tissue

binds and supports various structures, ex. Fat, bone, blood, cartilage

Epithelial tissue

consists of epithelium, endothelium, and mesothelium

Epithelium

lines external and internal body surfaces

Endothelium

lines organs and blood vessels

Mesothelium

lines cavities such as the peritoneum

Muscle tissue

skeletal, cardiac, and visceral

Skeletal muscle

striated voluntary muscle controlling movement

Cardiac muscle

striated involuntary muscle controlling the heart

Visceral muscle

smooth involuntary muscle controlling internal organs

Nerve tissue

cells that conduct electrical impulse all over the body

Abdominal

cavity containing organs

Cranial

cavity containing the brain

Spinal

cavity containing the spinal cord

Thoracic

cavity containing organs such as the heart, lungs, esophagus, and trachea

Anatomy

form and structure of the body

Benign

not malignant, non-invasive, not spreading

Cartilage

flexible connective tissue attached to bones at a joint

Diaphragm

thin, muscular partition separating the thoracic and abdominal cavities

Endocrine glands

glands that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

Exocrine glands

glands that secrete chemicals through tubes everywhere in the body

Larynx

voice box

Cardiovascular system

consists of organs such as the heart, veins, arteries, capillaries, and spleen

Digestive system

consists of organs such as the mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, intestines, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

Endocrine system

consists of organs such as the pancreas, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, ovaries, testes, and adrenal glands

Integumentary system

consists of organs such as skin, hair, nails and glands

Musculoskeletal system

consists of organs such as bones, muscle and joints

Nervous system

consists of organs such as the brain and spinal cord

Reproductive system

consists of organs such as ovaries, vagina, uterus, testes, and penis

Respiratory system

consists of organs such as the windpipe, lungs, and heart

Urogenital system

consists of organs such as the kidney, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra

Lavage

irrigation or washing out of an organ or cavity

Malignant

tending to become progressively worse

Membrane

thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity or divides a space or an organ

Peritoneum

membrane surrounding the organs of the abdomen

Pharynx

throat

Physiology

study of the body’s function

Trachea

windpipe

Umbilicus

the navel

Ureter

tube that carries urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

Urethra

tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to outside the body

Viscera

internal organs

Evisceration

displacement of internal organs outside the cavity that should contain them

Hernia

abnormal protrusion of an organ or tissue through the structure that should contain it

Prolapse

abnormal protrusion of an organ or tissue through a natural opening

Dorsal

pertaining to the back, closer to the back, away from the ground

Ventral

pertaining to the belly, closer to the belly, towards the ground

Cranial

pertaining to the head, closer to the head

Caudal

pertaining to the tail, closer to the tail

Medial

pertaining to the middle, closer to the median plane, closer to the midline

Lateral

pertaining to the side, further from the median plane, further from the midline

Proximal

pertaining to the beginning, nearer the point of attachment

Distal

pertaining to far from beginning, farther from point of attachment

Superficial

nearer the surface of the body

Deep

farther from the surface of the body

Plantar

pertaining to the caudal surface of the rear paws and tarsus

Palmar

pertaining to the caudal surface of the front paw and carpus

Rostral

pertaining to the nose, closer to the nose

Anterior

pertaining to the front side of the body

Posterior

pertaining to the backs side of the body

Dorsal recumbency

Animal is lying on its back. This is also known as supine recumbency

Ventral recumbency

Animal is lying on its belly, also known as sternal recumbency or prone recumbency

Lateral recumbency

Animal is lying on its side. An animal lying on its right side is said to be right lateral recumbency

Intervertebral disk

Cartilage pad between vertebrae used for cushion and support.

Spinal cord

Nervous tissue within the spinal cavity.

Spinal column

Bones surrounding the spinal cavity.

Vertebra

Backbone.

Vertebrae

Backbones.

Dorsal plane

divides the body into a belly side (ventral) and back side (dorsal).

Median plane

Divides the body into equal right and left halves. This is also known as a midsagittal plane

Sagittal plane

Divides the body into unequal left and right halves.

Transverse plane

Divides the body into cranial and caudal halves.

Cervical (C)

Neck area

Thoracic (T)

Chest area.

Lumbar (L)

Lower back area (waist).

Sacral (S)

Sacrum.

Caudal; coccygeal (Ca, Cy)

Tail area.

C with a line above it

with

S with a line above it

without

ADR

Ain’t Doin Right

CBA

Cat Bite Abscess

DHLPP-C

Distemper, hepatitis, leptospirosis, parvovirus, parainfluenza, coronavirus - canine vaccine set

ET tube

Endotracheal tube