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5 functions of the family

SCRAP

1. reproduction

2. provide care (for members)

3. socialization

4. control behaviour (to maintain order in the family and society)

5. affective nurturance (meeting emotional needs)

nuclear family

mom + dad + biological child(ren) living together

single parent family

unmarried parent (eg. mother, grandpa, uncle, godparent) + child(ren)

cross-generational family

2+ adults from different gens in one family living together (eg. 8yo child + 25 yo sibling + parent)

adoptive/foster

children are not biologically related to the parents

same sex family

the parents are the same sex

common law family

adults in a relationship are never married but live in the same house

blended/step family

couple w/ children from previous relations

grandparents-as-parents family

grandparents are the main caretaker of the children

crime

an action or omission punishable by law

deviance

departing from social norm

all crimes are deviant but not vice verse

consensus crime

almost universal agreement as morally unjust and punishable (ie. murder)

conflict crimes

illegal but no consensus about degree of seriousness, which varies by country

ie. shrooms, sex work, underaged drinking

social deviations

not illegal but can cause harm to self or others

ie. gambling and mental illness

social diversions

violations of social norms

frowned upon in many settings but may been seen as cool

ie. attire choices, tattoos, facial piercings

structural functionalism on deviance

crime and responses to crime work for the function and order of society

+ : punishments help define what is acceptable behaviour

- : punishments erodes trust and can cause nonconforming behaviour in others

symbolic interactionalism on deviance

deviance is learned thru interactions and people learn to conform thru socialization

differential association theory: indivs have greater tendency to deviate from norms when they frequently associate with people who favour deviance over conformity

(symbolic interactionalism) labelling theory on crime

deviants are people who have been successfully labelled as deviant by others

primary deviance: occasional deviance but it’s not a part of their lifestyle

secondary deviance: indiv’s life is organized around breaking norms\what is deviant differ through time and place

conflict theory on deviance

crimes exist in lower communities and exacerbate tensions between the upper and lower class

strain theory (functionalist) on deviance

deviance is more likely to occur when a gap exist between cultural goals and the approved means of achieving those goals

deviance more likely b/c ppl may be willing to use whatever means they can to achieve their goals

ie: montreal protests when tuition increased (larger gap between achieving uni education)

control/social bond theory on crime

conformity to social norms depends on the presence of strong bonds between individuals and society

these social bonds control the behaviour of ppl

conflict theory on deviance

in a capitalist society, the justice system protects the power of the upper class

upper class pass laws that benefit themselves

both groups commit acts i do deviance but low income individuals are more likely to be defined as criminal

crack vs cocaine

crack:

• powered cocaine mixed with baking soda and water

• cheaper and used by lower class

cocaine

• powder form

• expensive

⭐️ you get 5 years min sentence if you have 5g crack or 500g cocaine (targets the poor)

crack is worse than coke idea

LA riots

relocating manufacturing outside the city —> strip $$ from minorities —> contrived deviance —> using and seeking crack —> crack epidemic—> war on drugs —> high incarceration of men POC

Rodney king + riots

King was brutally beaten when arrested but the police were found not guilty despite video evidence

wide spread riots, looting, arson, assault etc

fights with koreans due to previous tensions and discriminations

why weren’t they against white ppl? they felt the korean were more aligned with whites —> those that stay in power make one minority feel a little more superior so they have minority on minority violence

cesare lombrossi

believed people could be born criminal and that criminals had special characteristics (ie. large lower jawC protruding ears etc)

how to reform policing system

1. overprotective union

2. legal consequences

3. fear based training

social stratification

systems of inequality that rank people according to a hierarchy (based on gender, age, ethnicity etc)

unequal distribution of rewards/what is percived as valuable

stratification through different societies

nomadic: age and sex

horticultural (veggies) and pastoral (animals): specialization caused gaps in social status

industrial age: development of social classes

post-industrial: focuses on services and specialization

feudalism (800 - 1400s)

a strict hieariacrhy (no mobility)

capitalism (1500 - present)

nobles had less power

motive: profit

in theory, everyone had power as the consumer and supplier

able to privately own property

privitatization → get to control $$ → profit

gov is “hands off”

communisim (1800s)

in theory, there would be no social stratification

to transition into it, gov takes everything and distributes it equally and eventually there will be no government

socialism

capitilism → socialism → communisim

gov redistruibutes goods and workers want to contribute to the gov

closed systems

allows very little change in social positions and boundaries between levels are rigid (eg. feudalism, slavery, caste)

opened systems

allows for flexibility

achieved status: social position attained thru a person’s own effort

allows for social mobility, inter/intragenerational mobility

(eg. class system)

class

people ho have a similar level of wealth/income

status

people who rank similarly in prestige/lifestyle (eg. teachers vs garbage collector)

harris findings

prestige does not equal wealth but they influence each other to contribute to social inequality → makes one group superior/inferior

functionalist perspective on social inequality

inequality is inevitable and also positive/necessary for proper functioning of society

• most important positions should be filled by qualified people

• positions that are important/require talent/training deserve to be rewarded more

• most highly reward positions should be functionally uniquw

principle of social stratification

importance of postion is not always determined by salary/prestige

economic rewards and personal pleasure can motivate people to do specific careers

symbolic interactionism on social inequality

we are socialized to believe that out inequality is our own fault and we normalize it

• we interpert actions and attach meaning to them

• we are socailized to accept the stratification

• we learn to understand hierarchy and believe thta those on top have worked hard

gini coeffienct

1 - perfect inequality

0 - perfect equality

does not show how wealth is distrubuted across gender, race, education etc

inheritance tax

some contries (eg. USA) dont put a tax cap on inheritance so families can keep and grow their wealth for generations

john rawls principles of justice

equal basic liberty for all: each person has an equal right to the most extensive basic liberty (eg. freedom of thought, speace, association, movement regarding occupation etc)

the difference prinicple

social and economic inequalities are alloed only if these result in benifit for everybody (particularly the least advantaged members

(eg. paying accountants more than assembly line operators provided that the project will make life better for the people ho are currently worse off)

justice

a fair dealing and sense of equality (status, rights, opportunites)

social justice

a society where people have equal rights and opportunites and are treated equally

origins of social justice

social problems arose during the industrial revolution in the mid 1800s

coined by luigi taparelli

empasized the social nature of humans and the importance of various social spheres outside civic government

revolutionary movement

change a society completely

• dissatifised w/ social order

• advocate for replacing entire structure

(american rev., feudalism to cap., french rev.)

reformative movement

effect limited changes in a society

• carry out reforms in specific areas to change elements of the system

(civil rights mov., womens rights mov, blm)

redemptive movement

change people completely

• expect a complete individual transform

(cults, jim jones)

alternative movement

change poeple’s view on something

• change the way a person thinks in one specific area

(MADD, anti-bullying, anti-smoking)

conflict theory on social inequality

power and resources are not shared equally and those in power keep thier power thorugh insitutions (education, law etc) which keeps the hierarcy

sanctions and social control

formal: punishable by law

infomral: reactions by society but not punishable by law (enforces norms and expectations)

negative: punishment for doing something

positive: reward for doing something

internal: self-regulation through conscience

external: doing something because of pressure from others