PMOC Lab Midterm Post Lab Synthesis of Ethyl Alcohol

• Grain alcohol

• Alcohol

• Methylcarbinol

• Drinking alcohol

• Recreational Drink

Other names of Ethanol

Structural Formula of Ethanol

Molecular Formula of Ethanol

• Volatile

• Flammable

• Colorless liquid

• BP: 78°C

• Polar

• Completely miscible with water and organic solvents and

• is very hygroscopic.

Properties of Ethanol

Ethanol

The second simplest alcohol containing hydroxyl group in an aliphatic manner.

Methanol

Simplest alcohol

colorless, fruity-smelling organic compound

Organoleptically, Ethanol can be described as a

water and acetone

Ethanol is miscible in

benzene-containing compounds and hydrocarbons

Ethanol is immiscible to

• Absolute alcohol

• Denatured alcohol

• Elixirs

• Tinctures

COMMERCIALLY AVAILABLE/IMPORTANT ETHANOL

99% alcohol

Concentration of alcohol in Absolute Alcohol

Denatured Alcohol

Type of ethanol that is unfit for human use.

Alcohol added to denatured substance

Methanol and Benzene

Added to alcohol for it to be denatured

Denatured substances

Denatured Alcohol

Used as Fuel in alcohol lamps

Elixirs

“Sweetened” hydroalcoholic solution intended for oral use

5% - 40%

% of alcohol in Elixirs

Tinctures

Hydroalcoholic solution from vegetable materials

15% - 80%

% of alcohol in Tinctures

Ethanol

Alcohol is the alcohol present in: All table wines, Beers, Distilled liquors

10-13%

% of alcohol in all table wines

3-5%

% of alcohol in Beers

35-90%

% of alcohol in Distilled liquors

Multiply by 2 / Divide by 2

Conversion of alcohol percentage to proof strength and vice versa

• Used in Gasohol

• Widely used solvent for paint, varnish, and drugs

• Used in the manufacture of ethanal, (i.e. acetaldehyde), and ethanoic acid, (acetic acid).

• Used as the fluid in thermometers u Used in preserving biological specimens

Uses of Ethanol

Ethanol + Gasoline

Gasohol is a combination of

Produces fewer air pollutant

Why is gasohol preferred?

1 part Ethanol

9 parts Gasoline

Composition of Gasohol

BLOOD ALCOHOL CONCENTRATION (BAC)

Refers to the amount of alcohol present in the blood stream.

Blood alcohol content

the amount of alcohol present in 100 mL or its equivalent 1 dL of blood.

Breathalyzer Test

Measures the amount of alcohol in a person's breath to estimate their blood alcohol content (BAC).

Breathalyzer Test

measures alcohol in expired air by the color change that occurs when the bright yellow-orange oxidizing agent Potassium dichromate (K2CR2O7) is reduced to blue-green chromium (III)

>0.05%

the legal limit of BAC in the Philippines and other countries

0.08

BAC legally intoxicated

Verbose

Graded-dose response curve of Alcohol (dose vs intensity of the effect on one patient). Stage/dose where a patient is more talkative (madaldal)

Jocose

Graded-dose response curve of Alcohol (dose vs intensity of the effect on one patient). Dose characterized by playful and joking behavior

Bellicose

Graded-dose response curve of Alcohol (dose vs intensity of the effect on one patient). Dose characterized by aggressive and hostile behavior

Morose

Graded-dose response curve of Alcohol (dose vs intensity of the effect on one patient). Dose characterized by bad temper

Repose

Graded-dose response curve of Alcohol (dose vs intensity of the effect on one patient). Stage/Dose characterized by reset, sleep, or drowsiness

Comatose

Graded-dose response curve of Alcohol (dose vs intensity of the effect on one patient). Dose characterized by a coma or unconsciousness

Rigormatose

Graded-dose response curve of Alcohol (dose vs intensity of the effect on one patient). Dose characterized by muscle stiffening and death

• Verbose → talkative

• Jocose → playful

• Bellicose → aggressive

• Morose → bad temper

• Repose → sleeping (madaldal)

• Comatose → unconscious

• Rigormatose → Death; muscle stiffening

Graded-dose response curve of Alcohol (dose vs intensity of the effect on one patient). Progression summary

GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid)

Major inhibitory receptor in the brain

GABA (Gamma-aminobutyric acid)

Receptor enhanced by Ethanol

• Benzodiazepines

• Barbiturates

• Ethanol

Three GABA modulators

Between Alpha and Gamma receptor

Where Benzodiazepine binds to in GABA receptor

Between Alpha and Beta receptor

Where Barbiturates binds to in GABA receptor

Alpha receptor

Where Ethanol binds to in GABA receptor

• A GABA-A modulator

• CNS Depressant

• Inhibits the production of vasopressin or anti-diuretic hormone

• Blood vessels dilate → flushing

• Antimicrobial/Antiseptic

Pharmacology of Ethanol

• CNS depression

• Euphoria

CNS effects of Ethanol

30-100 mg/dL

BAC of Apparent excitation and euphoria.

100 -200 mg/dL

BAC of Impaired motor function, impairment of memory, slurred speech, drowsiness.

200-300 mg/dL

BAC of Coma, respiratory and CV depuration

>500 mg/dL

BAC of Lethal, Respiratory failure, death

cutaneous and gastric vasodilation → flushing (BP not affected)

CVS effects of ethanol in small doses

tachycardia (mild rise in BP)

CVS effects of ethanol in Moderate doses

Myocardial depression, hypotension

CVS effects of ethanol in Large doses

vasodilation

The effects of ethanol in body temperature by producing a sense of warmth is due to

Stimulates acid secretion

The effects of ethanol in GIT

Diuresis

The effects of ethanol in Kidney

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

Vitamin B1 deficiency due to ethanol leads to

Wernicke Encephalopathy

Acute/Reversible stage of Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

Take vit B1 (Thiamine)

Wernicke Encephalopathy treatment

Teratogenicity

Ethanol is classified as a teratogen, hence it should not be given to pregnant women as it may lead to Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Carcinogenicity

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), part of the World Health Organization (WHO), has classified ethanol in alcoholic beverages as a Group 1 carcinogen

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

This is as a result of a pregnant mother drinking alcohol

Group 1

Classification of ethanol in alcoholic beverages of IARC

• Barbiturates

• Benzodiazepines

• Opioids

• Phenothiazines

• Antidepressants.

Ethanol can intensify the sedation caused by other central nervous system depressant drugs such as:

Fomepizole

Used for MeOH and EtOH glycol poisoning

Fomepizole

Inhibits Alcohol dehydrogenase

Disulfiram

Inhibits acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

Reaction of Ethene with Steam / Ethylene Hydration

Main method of Ethanol synthesis in the industry

C12H22O11

Sucrose chemical formula

Fermentation

Breakdown of sugar molecules in the absence of oxygen

Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae; BN: Brewer’s Yeast)

catalyst of alcoholic fermentation

Invertase and Zymase

Enzyme in yeast

Invertase

Enzyme in yeast that can convert sucrose into glucose + Fructose

Zymase

Enzyme in yeast that can convert glucose into ethanol and CO2

Distillation

Method based on the difference in Boiling Point

Flammability Test

Ethanol burns with a pale blue, nonluminous flame to form carbon dioxide and steam.