bio exam 3 - water & electrolyte balance in animals - chap 40

changed in ___ _______ are a fundamental process by which cells operate

ion concentration

diarrheal disease is the ___ leading cause of death in children 1-59 months

3rd

what is the most severe threat posed by dirrahea?

dehydration

a compound that dissociates into ions when dissolved in water

electrolyte

movement of water down its concentration gradient across a semipermeable membrane

osmosis

concentration of all solutes in solutionx

osmolarity

_____ plasma osmolarity can affect all other cells

blood

when the concentration of dissolved substances in a cell or tissue is abnormal (different from set points)

osmotic stress

main organs for ionoregulatory homeostasis in fish and crustaceans

fish drink seawater through mouth and lose water through ____ via osmosis (same answer to both)

gills

main organs for ionoregulatory homeostasis in insects

malpighian tubes

main organs for ionoregulatory homeostasis in mammals

kidneys

mitochondrion rich cells that actively pump ions in ionoregulatory organs of animals that maintain optimal osmotic, ionic, and acid-base levels

ionocytes

The urinary system:

_____ and removes unwanted fluids in the body

regulates ___ and _____ in blood

recycles, ion, solutes

intake of water needs to ____ excretion

equal

2 organs in the back of the upper abdominal cavity

kidneys

functions of the kidneys

1. control _____ ____ _____ production

2. maintain _____ balance

3. maintain ____ balance

4. control _____ volume

5. maintain blood __

6. activate ________ _

red blood cell, water, salt, blood, pH, vitamin D

blood descending aorta branches through the _____ ______ to the left and right kidney for filtration

renal arteries

how much liquid do your kidneys filter every day

200 quarts

outer region of the kidney

cortex

inner region of kidney

medulla

triangular shaped structures consisting of loops of tubules where urine is being made

renal pyramids

functional units of kidneys that concentrate urine and is composed of hollow tube of epithelial cells and blood vessels that supply the tube

nephron

_________ consist of: arterioles, capillaries, glomerular capsule, proximal and distal tubes and a collecting duct

nephrons

bundle of capillaries from which plasma fluid is released into the glomerural space

glomerulus

the pressure in the glomerulus is ____

high

the pressure in the glomerulus is high because the ________ ________ that feeds the glomerulus with blood is larger than the ________ ________ that drains the glomerulus

afferent arteriole, efferent arteriole

_______ means moving toward

afferent

______ means moving away

efferent

the forcing of liquid and solutes through the pores in glomerular capillaries by keeping blood cells in blood

glomerular filtration

water, ions, glucose, amino acids, urea, and creatine that remain in glomerular space after glomerular filtration

glomerular filtrate

area between vessels of the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule

glomerular space

cells surrounding the glomerulus that direct the glomerular filtrate into the tubules of the nephron

glomerular (bowman’s) capsule

tube of epithelial cells in nephron closest to the golmerular capsule that release fluid for the tubular reabsorption

proximal tubule

microvilli of the proximal tubule cells reabsorb all of the glomerular filtrate except the creatine, 50% of the urea, 1% of water and 1% of most ions (this prevents nutrient loss)

tubular reabsorption

______ means closer

proximal

_____ means distant

distal

A

glomerular filtration

B

glomerular capsule

C

glomerular space

D

glomerulus

E

afferent arteriole

F

efferent arteriole

G

proximal tube

cell membrane protrusions that increase the surface area of a cell for increased diffusion

microvilli

transports 3 Na+ from inside epithelial cells in the proximal tubule to the interstitial fluid, and 2K+ from interstitial fluid into cell - step 1 of tubular reabsoprtion

Na+/K+ ATPase

extracellular fluid that is not enclosed in blood vessels or lymphatic vessels

interstitial fluid

step 2 of tubular reabsorption: decreased Na+ in the cell creates a Na+ gradient to drive ______ (or ions, glucose, amino acids, and vitamins, etc.) that selectively pump solutes from the filtrate into the epithelial cell

cotransporters

step 3 of tubular reabsorption: increased ions, glucose, and vitamins, etc. in the cells create a concentration gradient that allows them to pass through _______ _______ into the interstitial fluid and then into the blood

facilitative transporters

step 4 of tubular reabsorption: water follows the movement of solutes from the proximal tubule into the cell and then out of the cell and into blood vessels by osmosis through ______

aquaporins

u shaped loop in a nephron that extends into the renal pyramid that maintains an osmotic gradient that allows reabsorption of water from the collecting duct

loop henle

as fluid flows down the descending limb the water follows an osmotic gradient into the interstitial fluid surrounding the nephron

descending limb

the membrane in the descending limb is nearly ______ to solutes

impermeable

the membrane in the ascending limb is nearly _______ to water

impermeable

Na+ and Cl- ions follow the concentration gradient created by the previous loss of water

thin ascending limb

Na+ and Cl- ions are actively transported out of the nephron in the thicker ascending limb of the cortex

thick ascending limb

tube or cells in nephron where tubular secretion occurs and delivers urine to the collecting duct

distal tubule

capillaries surrounding the tubules secrete toxic, or pH balancing, substances directly into the distal tubule

tubular secretion:

what are the three types of filtration

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion

the merging of thousands of nephron tubules into a larger duct that empties into the renal pelvis

collecting duct

hormone that binds receptors that signal the kidney collecting duct cells to open aquaporins

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

alcohol and caffeine ______ the production of ADH

inhibits

Salt _fish  < Salt _ocean But they maintain high concentrations of urea in blood & spend a lot of energy to prevent toxic effects of urea.

osmoconformers

Osmolarity _fish  = Osmolarity _ocean with seawater, resulting in little water loss.

isosmotic

osmoconformers maintain ____ ________ of urea in blood

high concentrations

metabolic process where an amino group is removed from an amino acid

deamination

deamination occurs when the body has more _____ than it is currently using ot when _______ and ___ stores are depleted

protein, carbohydrate, fat

A nitrogen molecule produced following the breakdown of proteins and nucleic acids that is very toxic to cells.

ammonia

CO(NH₂)2 ; A nitrogen molecule produced from the breakdown of ammonia.

Urea

(C₅H₄N₄O₃):  A nitrogen molecule produced from ammonia but is less toxic; very insoluble

Uric acid

____ crystals form when there is too much uric acid in the bloodstream

gout

Actively use energy to maintain an osmolarity different from the environment.

osmoregulators

Organisms that maintain an internal osmolarity similar to their environment.

osmoconformers

•Salt _fish  < Salt _ocean = Tendency for water loss + uptake of salts; These fish drink seawater spend a lot of energy to remove electrolytes

osmoregulators

how do freshwater fish maintain water and electrolyte balance?

active transport of salts at gills into fish

process in which exons from the same gene are joined in different combinations, leading to different, bur related mRNA

alternative splicing