Unit 5 Revolutions: Ideas, Nations, and the First Industrial Transformation (1750–1900) (copy)

The Enlightenment was an intellectual movement that argued human society could be understood—and improved—through __________.

reason, observation, and debate rather than relying only on tradition or religious authority.

Enlightenment writers argued that legitimate political power ultimately comes from the __________, not from divine right.

people (the 'nation').

According to Enlightenment thinkers, government is an agreement between rulers and ruled, known as the __________.

social contract.

The belief in certain rights simply because individuals are human is called __________.

natural rights.

One of the mechanisms through which Enlightenment ideas spread included the rise of __________, which allowed for more dissemination of texts.

print culture.

The claim that a nation should rule itself is a fundamental idea of __________.

nationalism.

The __________ Revolution in America was heavily influenced by Enlightenment arguments about natural rights and self-government.

American.

During the __________ Revolution, enlightenment ideals became mass politics in the context of fiscal and social crises.

French.

The Haitian Revolution is significant because it demonstrated the limits of universal rights when empires depended on __________.

slavery.

Industrialization marked a shift from economies based on hand production to those organized around __________ and factories.

machines.

By moving from __________ industries to factories, production became more standardized and faster through mechanization.

cottage.

Britain's early industrialization was aided by its access to resources such as __________ and iron.

coal.

The rise of the _________ class during the Industrial Revolution contributed to demands for representation and legal reforms.

bourgeoisie.

The __________ language associated with Enlightenment thought was also a key feature in many revolutionary documents and arguments.

rights.

Nationalism often defines insiders and outsiders, which can unify populations but also __________ minorities.

exclude.

The Industrial Revolution resulted in the formation of an industrial working class often referred to as the __________.

proletariat.