land 2510

noria

a machine for lifting water into a small aqueduct, either for purposed of irrigation or domestic use

loggia

a gallery or room with one or more open sides, especially one that forms part of a house and has one side open to the garden.

reflecting pool

a shallow pool of water, undisturbed by fountain jets, for reflective surface

Masjid

mosque-place for worship for followers of islam

elements of a hypostyle mosque

sahn, minaret, musallah, qubba(dome), kudu area, minbar, qibla wall, entry portals

sahn

large open courtyard in a mosque

musallah

prayer hall

wudu

area for ritual cleansing/purification (a fountain)

qibla wall

wall in a mosque or eidgah that indicates the direction of mecca

mihrab

semicircular niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the qibla.

minbar

raised platform from which an imam (leader of prayer) addresses the congregation , located along the qibla wall

qubba

dome that symbolically represents the vault of heaven, symbolizing light, sky, Allah's infinite majesty

minaret

tower adjacent or attached to a mosque from which the call to prayer is announced, represent torch lit watch towers

eidgah

large,open air gathering place for prayers, an outdoor mosque, usually located on the outskirts of a city
an immense courtyard

arabesque

an artistic motif that is characterized by repeating geometric forms and fancifully combined patterns; usually these forms echo those of plants and animals, symbolize the transcendent, invisible, and infinite nature of Allah.

Mocárabe

"Honeycomb work," or "Stalactite work." It is an ornamental design used in architecture that spread throughout the Islamic world in the 12thcentury. The design consists of a complex array of vertical prisms resembling stalactites.

muqarna

type of corbeled vault used as a decorative element in Islamic architecture —particularly in connection with domes or prayer niches.

jali

delicately carved lattice screens that filter strong sunlight, and keep spaces cool

calligraphy

decorative writing or script. Arabic or Persian script is an important decorative element in Islamic architecture. The text is typically based on passages from the Qu'ran, the Hadith, or Islamic poetry.

chahar

4

bagh

garden

chaharbagh

4 gardens, Garden enclosed by a wall and divided into four sections by water channels that symbolize the four rivers of Eden

plants in islamic gardens =

religious symbols, fragrance, food, beauty

elements of medieval manors

church, manor house, mill, village

demsne

land reserved for the exclusive use and support of the lord

glebe

land reserved for the support of the church

common lands

land allocated for the use and support of peasants

free peasant land

land rented to individual peasants

closes

a type of common land, small areas of enclosed private land such as paddocks, orchards, or gardens, mostly near houses.

wastes

type of common land, rough pasture land, fens, marshes, or heaths

ridge and furrow

a pattern of ridges and troughs created by the system of plowing used in Europe during the Middle Ages.

lynchet

a bank of earth that builds up on the downslope of a field that is ploughed over a long period of time

deer park/ hunting park

woodland managed of exclusive use by nobility

keep

a great tower, and usually the most strongly defended point of a castle, positioned near a gate or entrance

bailey

the outer wall of a castle, and or the area contained within these walls

elements of medieval urban form

tower and gate, town wall, town hall and main market square, church and church square, radial network of streets and alleys, market squares

guild hall

social building, a trade union, also functioned as a town hall, located near market places/squares

tower houses

medieval houses built in order to command and defend strategic points with fewer armed guards
built by wealthy fams as a way to symbolize their status

types of medieval gardens

castle gardens, gardens of courtly love, monastery/cloister gardens, hortus conclusus,

garth

yard

cloister garth

typically were productive garden spaces, used for growing plants for food and herbs for medicines

hortus conclusus

enclosed garden, symbol of virgin mary, medieval version derived from the Song of Songs, represents a metaphor- a woman that is a garden that is enclosed / locked up (virgin mary)

courtly love, secular gardens

rituals of chivalry and romantic courtship practiced by members of the nobility. Generally practiced in secret , The Lover accepts the independence of his beloved, and tries to prove himself worthy by acting bravely and honorably, and subjecting himself to a series of tests.
Practices supported by literature produced and read by men and women of the noble class,

parterre

a formal garden construction on a level surface consisting of planting beds, edged in stone or tightly clipped hedges, and gravel paths arranged to form a pleasing, usually symmetrical pattern

elements of medieval gardens

plants as symbols, parterre, wattle fences, turf seats, herber, labyrinths, mazes

house of vetti importance

shows roman values of orthogonal alignment, system, order,
major elements on a central axis

lararium

small shrine to a household protective deity

Hadrian's Villa - maritime theatre importance

circular
emperors private retreat with the villa that resembles a small city
used to resolve the collision of multiple oblique axes. axes all collide at this theatre as a result, you lose your sense of oblique alignments and it turns into a roundabout
an allusion that everything is aligned orthogonally when it isn't

migration period

a time of widespread migrations within or into europe during the middle of the 1st millennium

islamic empire

multiple states, empires or dynasties that were ruled by muslim edit or were in some way part of a civ that was unified by common religious beliefs

muhammad

last true prophet of God

Qur'an

sacred text of Muhammad's teachings

5 pillars of islam

Profession of faith
Salat-ritual prayer
Sawn-month long fasting period
Zakat-alms giving
Hajj- pilgrimage to Mecca

ummah

community, nation (islamic)

caliph

sucessor, head of state, supreme religious leader

caliphate

1st system of governance in islamic empire

Hajj

largest single gathering of people in the world

mecca

omphalos, built around kaaba

important of Masjid-al Haram

largest mosque in the world
Hajj
at the omphalos-mecca

importance of Kaaba

black stone
at the omphalos (mecca)
celestial alignment
connected to a famine deity

importance of Al-Masjid an Nabawi

largest example of a hypostyle mosque
serves as a prototype for all other mosques

golden age

rapidly developing in science , art unlike the dark age (in the islamic world- bc of silk road)

muslim agricultural revolution

advances in ag, new approaches to land ownership, laborers rights, long distance trade
corporate partnerships
legal systems
scientific approach to farming, scientific texts
irrigation systems

qanat

a series of constructed well like vertical shafts, connected by sloping tunnels, efficiently delivers water without mechanical pumping

windmill

used to pump water to canals and aqueducts

iwan

a vaulted space that opens on one side to a courtyard

pairidaeza

a royal hunting park/ orchard enclosed by walls, an archetype

paradise

an ideal place, perfect environment, other world that is distant in time and space, mythical environments, resemble tranquility, freedom, usually omphalos

aaru

reed fields, marsh, where you go after completing ma'at- a paradise

fortunate isles, garden of eden

paradises

rose symbol in islamic gardens

drop of sweat from Muhammad

importance of Pasargardae (iran)

flowing water rills/ shade provided a paradise in a hot dry climate. water produced a cooling psychological effect( sounds, aesthetic)

importance of isafahan

a place where many cultures met and mingled
cosmopolitan
ex of urban design
bridges as a social hub

importance of humayun's tomb

1st islamic garden tomb to be built in indian subcontinent
a prototype

importance of great mosque of cordoba

begins as a hypostyle mosque then expands, sahn turns into a garden- court of the oranges
columns mimicking a grove, forest inside mouth

alcazar

a fortified palace or citadel in spain

importance of alhambra

complex of great halls and garden courtyards
courtyards
water channels

importance of generalife

private palace, retreat close to alhambra
for the dynasty not the public
water channels
most famous

feudalism

system of political organization based on the relation of a lord to a vassal, with all land held by the vassal on condition

lord

noble who owned land

vassal

person who has granted possession of the land by a lord, would provide military service to a lord

cleric

priest, bishop, abbot, monk

knight

soldier or member of the warrior class during the middle ages

serf

unfree peasant class, lowest class of feudal society

fief

term for land granted to a vassal

manor

the basic unit of the feudalistic society

medieval manor house

largest building, located on high elevation for defense,highly territorial, made of stone, harder for them to be under siege bc high up, surrounded by a moat

importance of Ightham Mote

oldest intact moat
rooms surrounding the courtyard and thick wall for defense

woodwose

"forest" + "being, to be alive" (animism), a scary forest being, could be civilized by a virtuous lady (virgin mary)

benedictine rule

system for establishing monasteries with in the territories of barbarian tribes

book of nature

a religious medieval concept that viewed nature as a book to be read for knowledge and understanding

herbal

an encyclopedia of nature, a collection of descriptions of plants compiled for medicinal purposes

st. bernard of clairvaux

this person promoted a more personal christian faith with life of christ as a model, and the virgin mary as the intercessor.
thru his own life experience, saw that virgin mary was a medially between humans and go

labyrinth

a single, non branching path, which leads to a central location
3rd garden type
cut into the landscape
symbolized a pilgrimage- the souls journey is like walking the long, twisted path

courtly love gardens

secret garden(giardino segreto)
secular context, not religious
a man proves himself worthy of his lovers love by acting bravely to gain access into this place

courtly love

rituals of chivalry and romantic courtship practiced by members of the nobility

Roman de la Rose

Romance of the Rose
most important literary work
narrative poem of a romantic love affair
purpose- to entertain, also instructed readers in the art of love/courtship
most widely read translated works

modern

renaissance was the beginning of what era

renaissance

"rebirth"
the transitional period in europe between medieval and modern times, begging in the 14 cent
rebirth of classical culture
marked by a humanistic revival of classical culture, expressed in a flowering of the arts, and lit, beginnings of modern science

humanism

a philosophy that places humans as being of primary importance, attaches importance to human dignity