3.07 EMI Test

When undertaking the assessment B, in the ABCDE approach of basic life support, this rate could aid in ruling out an asthma attack.

15

This is the normal diastolic blood pessure measured when using a sphygomomanomater where the units for this are mm/Hg and as you get older, this value may increase, but then decrease as arterial elasticity is lost.

80

Any heart rate reading over this level will be clinically diagnosed as tachycardia.

100

A systolic pressure reading above this level would indicate high blood pressure

120

This segment represents atrial depolarisation. This occurs when the sinoatrial node triggers an action potential, which depolarises the atria.

A

This is prolongued during first degree AV block.

G

Crucial for assessing the electrical activity of the heart, particularly regarding ventricular depolarisation and repolarisation

I

Typically represents the period between ventricular depolarisation and repolarisation, and is often scrutinized for abnormalities suggestive of myocardial ischaemia or infarction

H

What physiological event is represented by the deflection on an ECG, that is often associated with ventricular repolarisation, but may also be influenced by electrolyte imbalances or medications

E

A model that is used to explain and predict individual changes to health behaviour based of 5 concepts including: perceived benefits, perceived barriers, perceived threat, self-efficacy and cues to action

Health Belief Model

An example of this model is than an individual was on Nicotine Replacement Therapy for 3 months but due to their new job being stressful they have begun to smoke again.

Transtheoretical Model

An example of this model is that individuals who do not think they will get the flu are less likely to get the flu shot

Health Belief Model

George is at high risk of caries but he carries on eating large amounts of sugar due to his perceived susceptibility that sugars are not that bad for his teeth. The dentist he sees carries out a bitewing radiograph and informs George of the multiple carious lesions present of which most are incipient. This is a cue for him to take action, but he needs to understand more about the severity of the decay and the benefits of cutting on his favourite sweets.

Health Promotion Scenario

The number of people (in millions) living with heart or circulatory disease in the UK.

7.5

The annual healthcare cost of CVDs in the UK (billion)

10

What percentage of heart attacks and strokes are associated with high blood pressure?

50

In England, what is roughly the rate of people under 75 years old who have prematurely died due to CVD's (per 100,000 people).

75

What percentage of people who come forward for early hospital treatment will survive a heart attack?

90

In mg/dL, this fasting plasma glucose level is associated with CVD risk in several studies, and is defined as an impaired fasting glucose.

100

What common over-the-counter medication, first introduced in the late 19th century, has been used for pain relief, fever reduction, and anti-inflammatory purposes, and is also known by its chemical name acetylsalicylic acid?

Aspirin

Which type of medication is commonly used to reduce cholesterol levels and lower the risk of cardiovascular disease by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase in the liver?

Atorvastatin

A drug which widens blood vessels, increases blood flow to the heart and reduces stress on the heart. Usually used to treat angina and chest pain

Glyceryl Trinitrate

A cardioselective beta-1 adrenergic antagonist, selectively binds to the beta-1 adrenergic receptors in vascular smooth muscle and the heart

Atenolol

A type of antiplatelet medication that works by inhibiting ADP from binding to P2Y12 receptor and therefore prevents platelet activation.

Clopidogrel

Known as a acetylsalicylic acid and works by blocking cyclooxygenase. There is a risk of bleeding when taking this drug and asthmatics can usually be sensitive to this drug. This should never be given to under 16's

Aspirin dispersible (300mg)

In a scenario where a patient presents with severe hypoglycemia and is unresponsive, what emergency intervention should be administered to rapidly raise their blood sugar levels?

Glucagon injection (1mg)

Causes release of NO in vascular smooth muscle, which increases cGMP causing smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation

Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) spray (400mcg/dose)

This medication binds to a receptor which activates Gsα and Gq, ultimately acting on protein kinase A. Side effects from administering this can include nausea, vomiting and tachycardia.

Glucagon injection (1mg)

This medication increases production of nitric oxide, initiating relaxation of smooth muscles to produce vasodilation.

Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) spray

Used prophylactically at a low dose of 75mg daily. Taken (preferably with a meal) in order to prevent onset of cardiovascular diseases such as heart attack and stroke in individuals who are categorised high risk.

Aspirin

Among beta-blockers, which specific medication is often chosen for its cardioselective properties and is commonly prescribed to manage hypertension, angina, and certain heart rhythm irregularities?

Atenolol

This medication is indicated when there is stenoisis of the valves and is typically prescribed for 3-6 months. It most commonly alleviates symptoms of dyspnea on exertion and orthopnea.

Warfarin

What medication is typically administered at a daily dose of 75-81 mg/day, exerting its antithrombotic effect by irreversibly acetylating serine 530 of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, thereby inhibiting platelet generation of thromboxane A2?

Aspirin