types of ysc 1B

hall and jefferson what type of ysc?

delinquent ysc

a cohen

anti-school subculture

functionalist

wc status frustration

wc boys strove to emulate mc values and aspirations in school but lacked the means to be successful.

• the lack of mc values to be successful led to status frustration, a sense of perosnal inadequacy, and rejection of ‘acceptable’ behaviour and values.

• they then behaved badly to gain status and a sense of purpose among their peers instead.

• sees this as functional as it helps the individual gain status where they couldnt anywhere else.

hall

marxists

spectacular ysc

defined a characteristic of ysc as rebellion

• studied hippies in 60s

• they rejected mainstream youth consumer culture by wearing bright colours, adopting the peace symbol. growing long hair

• they wanted to protect the environment and condemned the war in vietnam

• campaigned for the disarmament of nuclear weapons

• took hallucinogenic drugs and promoted ideals of free love to symbols their rebellion against mainstream culture

coward and ohlin

criminal youth subculture

functionalists

illegitimate opportunity structure

wc youth have access to a parallel structure = illegitimate opportunity structure

• greater pressure for wc compared to mc youth to deviate from mainstream norms because they have less opportunity to succeed in the legitimate opportunity structure

• legitimate op structure = using eduction, jobs, careers in order to move up the structure of society and to get money

• criminal ysc are functional for wc youths as it provides opportunities for them to get money in a capitalistic meritocratic society that does accompany their needs

hebdige

spectacular ysc

• used semiotic analysis to study punks in 1979

• semiotic analysis = the studying of symbols and their meanings

• punks used everyday household objects like chains from toilets, safety pins, big bags and successfully redefined them into a fashion statement.

• he said safety pins could be ‘stolen’ from mainstream culture and ‘magically’ reimagined to symbolise something else

• punks were easy to identify by their flamboyant/ multicoloured Mohawks

• rejected mainstream consumerism

• reject dominant hegemonic ideologies

willis

• observations, interviews, analysed diaries in midland schools in the 70s

• counter school culture among wc boys who valued having a naff above conformity and educational progress.

• willis saw this as a rebellion against capitalism

• the boys were semi class conscious = partly aware of the cap system and how its set up against them and not meritocracy

• they felt destine for low pay/ status regardless of how well they worked in school

• felt more powerful when stood together as mates ins school and later life

• some ways their behaviour trapped them into the system further as their misbehaviour did lead to low paid jobs

venkatesh

outlaw capitalism

• crack-cocain dealing gang he studied was functional as it gave them a job, with opportunities for pay, promotion and protection

• linked to wc

harding

gang ysc

• girls in gangs use social skills to create rolls

• never leaders but become ‘fixers’ meaning they hide weapons an drugs/ trade information with rival gangs

• boys see these jobs as a girls buisness

• girls and young women are very important in gangs, using their social skills and street capital which was esentional for survival

• violence and sexual violence was a common way of keeping them in line

batchelor et al

2000

• conducted research into female violent behaviours amongst girls ins Scotland 1990

• found no evidence of girl gangs at all

• out of the 800 girls none of them even know girls who were

• physical violence perpetuated by girls was very rare, most had witnessed male violence

• shows how gangs are increasingly male focused.

Patrick

demonstrates how non-utilitarian crimes/ violence are used as a ‘way in’ or condition for entry for youth gangs who take part in a dangerous or violent situation as a initiation test rather than to mak money.

• Patrick gained entry through a ‘gatekeeper’ who allowed him to get involved

• he became so concerned for his safety that he didn’t publish his study until 20 years later

delinquent ysc?

hall and jefferson - the teddy boys

delinquent = when youth collectively commit low level crime like vandalism/ joy riding and this happens so often that it becomes a norm

commit non-utilitarian crimes (not economically motivated)

• csew 2023= vandalism was 18% of all crimes recorded

delinquent ysc 3 studies

hall and jefferson

Patrick

a Cohen

2 spectacular ysc

hebdige

hall

anti school ysc

a. cohen

willis

archer and yamashita

archer and yamashita

called the males from a cohens study on wc status frustration and the rejectection of school as being a demonstration of hyper heterosexuality

• drawing upon gender stereotypes

• forming close subcultural groups that are predominantly male

game ysc

Batchelor - no evidence of girl gangs in her study of 800 girls in Scotland 1990s

harding - girls use social skills to create roles in gang that male peers view as a girls business

criminal gangs

venkatesh - outlaw capitalism

coward and ohlin - illegitimate opportunity structure