Second stupid module 5 thij g

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Innate immunity

Also called non-specific defense; consists of mechanisms that either keep pathogens out or destroy them regardless of their type. Includes mechanical barriers, chemical substances, cytokines, etc.

Cytokine

Protein substance secreted by cells that work to destroy pathogens.

Interferon

A cytokine that binds to a cell, causing them to produce substances that inhibit viral replication

Interferons

___________ can also activate other immune cells, such as macrophages and natural killer cells.

Interleukin I

A cytokine that acts as a pyrogen. Released in response to toxins or pathogens and causes an increase in body temperature.

20

The complement system is a series of about __ plasma proteins

Inflammation

_____________ is produced by promoting the release of histamine from white blood cells called mast cells. Histamine promotes local vasodilation, increasing capillary permeability and bringing more blood to the area.

Opsonization

The process of antibodies called opsonins working with complement proteins to facilitate phagocytosis.

Inflammation

Characterized by swelling, redness, heat, and pain. Produced by tissue destruction from trauma, cuts, temperature, and chemicals. _____________ causes an increased blood flow to the damaged area. Blood brings substances for repair, and the stasis of blood in the area prevents the further spread of pathogens.

Adaptive immunity

Also called specific immunity, recognizes and coordinates attacks against specific pathogens. The system can also remember pathogens and produce a powerful response the next time a pathogen enters the body.

Cell-mediated immunity

A type of specific/adaptive immunity. Occurs when T-lymphocytes (T-cells) become activated by exposure to pathogens. Activated T-cells then attack pathogens directly.

antigens

T-cells become activated when exposed to _________ on pathogens

MHC molecules

Glycoproteins that can activate T cells. Reside on cell membranes and contain a variable region; the portion of the molecule that allows for binding to antigens.

MHC class 1

MHC molecules that display antigens on the surface of cells.

MHC class 2

MHC molecules that are found on cells that present antigens. Antigens enter cells via endocytosis and combine with them in vesicles. Acts more like a signal to other immune system cells to mobilize against antigens.

Cytotoxic T-cells

T-cells that destroy pathogenic cells by either phagocytosis, the release of a substance that drills holes in the infected cell called perforin, secreting a substance that is toxic to the cell called a lymphotoxin, or activating genes in the infected cell that tell it to destroy itself. The latter is known as apoptosis.

Suppressor T-cells

T-cells that secrete substances known as suppression factors that suppress the action of T-cells and B-cells. These cells require a longer period of time for activation and help to protect against over-activation of the immune system.

Helper T-cells

T-cells that contain the CD4 protein. Facilitates rapid mitosis of other T-cells, cause chemotaxis of macrophages to the infected area, help to activate B-cells, and stimulate natural killer cells.

B-cell

Major type of lymphocytes. Millions in the body, and each contains a specific set of antibodies. Some antibodies are present on the surface of these cells. These produce antibodies, and they mature in the bone marrow.

Antibodies

Consist of a pair of polypeptide chains called light chains connected to another pair of polypeptide chains called heavy chains. The chains are connected by disulfide bonds and contain both constant and variable segments. The base is formed by the constant segments of the heavy chains that help to identify them. This region can also activate the complement system. The other end contains the variable region. The antigen-binding sites are located on this variable region. These sites can connect with antigens on pathogens to form antibody-antigen complexes.

Identifies and neutralizes foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses.

Haptens

Incomplete antigens, they do not activate B-cells unless they combine with carrier molecules that act as complete antigens.

Dendritic Cells

Antigen-presenting cells found in mucous membranes, lymphatic organs, and the epidermis of the skin. These cells have a branched appearance and can engulf pathogens by way of endocytosis. Contain receptors that recognize non-self antigens that trigger endocytosis when activated.

Reticular Cells

(sometimes called fibroblastic reticular cells) are antigen-presenting cells located in lymphatic organs.  These cells are known to help regulate T-cell function.

Macrophages

Develops from monocytes that have moved out of the blood. They ingest pathogens by phagocytosis. They also clean up cellular debris, including dead neutrophils. Macrophages can display pathogenic antigens on their surface.

Primary response

The first exposure to an antigen with activation of the immune system. The immune system produces memory cells so that the next time the antigen is presented, the system is ready to respond. Takes longer to develop.

Secondary response

The second presentation of the same antigen to the immune system.

Allergies

Immune responses to non-pathological or inert substances. Produces a large number of antibodies that can produce a number of adverse effects.

Autoimmune Disorders

Disoders where the immune system reacts to self-cells and tissues and produces an immune response to them.

Naturally acquired active immunity

Type of immunity that results from exposure to a pathogen. The immune system is activated and produces antibodies and memory cells.

Artificially acquired active immunity

Type of immunity that results from exposure to pathogens given to the body in the form of vaccines. Vaccines contain inactive or attenuated pathogens that are just strong enough to produce an immune response.

Naturally acquired passive immunity

Type of immunity that occurs in utero, with the passing of antibodies to the fetus from the mother. Antibodies are also passed to the infant through breast milk after birth.

Artificially acquired passive immunity

Type of immunity that occurs when antibodies are given to a person who has a damaged immune system. Antibodies must be injected periodically because of their short life span.

Lupus

An autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the body’s own cells and tissues. Can attack any tissue in the body, causing inflammation, pain, and tissue damage.

Shingles

A painful rash caused by the varicella-zoster virus. Typically appears as a strip of raised blisters around one side of the torso.

HIV

A virus that attacks T cells. Accompanied by fever and chills.

Herpes

A viral infection caused by the herpes simplex virus. Characterized by blister like lesions on the skin.

Autoimmune attack on thyroid cells

Occurs when the immune system attacks the thyroid gland, damaging thyroid cells and causing hormone imbalances.

Anaphylaxis

A severe systemic allergic reaction characterized by the swelling of the face, tounge, throat, or airways. Caused by the body’s immune response to an allergen.

Lymphedema

Tissue swelling caused by an accumulation of protein-rich fluid that's usually drained through the body's lymphatic system.

CD4 protein

A helper T cell contains which protein in its cell membrane? 

MHC proteins

Macrophages can display antigens from pathogens on ______ .

reticular connective tissue

Which type of tissue is found in lymph nodes? 

Antibodies

What does the ELISA test primarily test for?

separate the plasma from the cells

The sample is centrifuged in an ELISA test to _______________

human body temperature

The significance of the oven temperature in an ELISA test is that the temperature is similar to

Yellow

What was the color of a positive ELISA test? 

left upper abdominal quadrant

Where is the spleen located? 

horseradish peroxidase

What is the name of the solution added to the sample to produce a color for a positive test?