Prejudice and Stereotyping

How does Ashmore define prejudice?

A negative attitude toward a socially defined group, and any person perceived to be a member of that group

What is the difference between stereotypes and discrimination?

Stereotypes are beliefs; discrimination is differential treatment.

What did Swim (1994) find about gender stereotypes?

They are generally accurate but tend to underestimate differences.

What is the Social Identity Theory by Tajfel?

Group identity supports self-esteem; leads to in-group bias.

What is the minimal group paradigm?

People show bias even for arbitrary groupings.

What is Hovland & Sears' scapegoating theory?

Frustration leads to aggression toward outgroups.

What is the Realistic Group Conflict Theory?

Competition over resources increases intergroup prejudice.

What is Social Dominance Orientation (Pratto & Sidanius)?

A preference for hierarchy and dominance of some groups over others.

What did Adorno et al. identify as the Authoritarian Personality?

Rigid, obedient personalities prone to prejudice.

What are Hamilton & Gifford’s Group A & B findings?

Illusory correlation between group membership and negative behavior.

What did Clark & Clark’s "doll preference" study show?

Internalization of negative stereotypes in Black children.

What is stereotype threat (Steele)?

Activation of a negative stereotype impairs performance.

What was Devine (1989)'s key finding?

Everyone knows stereotypes, but low-prejudice people inhibit them.

What did Fazio et al. find in the Bonafide Pipeline study?

Implicit attitudes predicted behavior better than self-report.

What were the results of Dovidio et al. (1997)?

Implicit prejudice influenced nonverbal behavior; explicit prejudice influenced judgments.

What does the IAT measure?

Reaction times to category/word pairings to assess implicit bias.

What conditions make stereotyping more likely?

Ambiguity, cognitive load, low self-esteem, emotional arousal.

What is Aronson’s Jigsaw Classroom?

A method of reducing prejudice through cooperative learning.