FAMILIES & HOUSEHOLDS - DEMOGRPAHY - DEATH RATES

According to Tranter, what was reason for falling death rates? (1850)

• diphtheria, measles, smallpox, typhoid, tuberculosis (TB)

A fall in the number of deaths from infectious diseases

In the 1950s, what were heart diseases and cancer named? (1950)

"Diseases of affluence"

Why/what does this mean?

Rich/affluent people, could get access to better healthcare, so able to pay

So poorer people were prone to these diseases - due to lifestyles

What other diseases did rich people get, why is this significant?

Diabetes, gout, heart problems

Gout was caused by red meat - which only the rich could afford (self-inflicted)

Why did people have poor nutrition in the past?

People couldn't afford it and there was no education around nutrition

Why does better nutrition lead to reduced death rates?

Better nutrition - increases resistance against infection - which increased survival

What is the average calorie intake for a man and a women?

Men - 2500

Women - 2000

What is the average life expectancy of men and women today?

Men - 79

Women - 83

Why do women live longer than men?

• women mature quicker

• men more likely to risk take

• men are more confrontational - fights

• men are expected to work longer

• when men are ill, they choose not to go to the doctors

• men have more dangerous jobs

• women more resilient when it comes o illness (continue fulfilling the expressive role)

What is the retirement age for men and women?

Men - 66

Women - 67

Before the 1950s, medical improvements played no part in the reduction of deaths, why?

People use natural causes - these did not help

What are examples of medical improvements? (From the 1950s onwards)

Antibiotics, immunizations, blood transfusions, improved maternity services, and the introduction of the NHS

NHS introduction year?

1948

What introduction of what surgeries haas reduced heart diseases by 1/3?

By-pass surgeries

What other things would help with heart diseases?

A stent - widens arteries

A pacemaker - regualtes heart beat

According to Harper, what has caused the greatest fall in death rates?

The reduced number of people smoking

Why is there a reduction in smoking?

• sale of tobacco ago (18)

• increased price

• introduction of vaping

• can’t advertise and have sponsorships

• introduction of snus

• health warnings on packaging

In the 21st century, what has replaced smoking as the new lifestyle epidemic?

Obesity

How has obesity been kept low?

Drug therapies - ozempic, monjuro

What are some societal reasons for the rising levels of obesity in the UK?

• Due to smoking being so expensive - people fall into other habits

• healthy food are expensive

• the gym is expensive

• globalization of fast food chains

• toxic childhood (children would rather stay inside, playing games than playing outside)

What are some public health measures that has decreased the death rate?

• improvements in ousting - better ventilation, less overcrowding

• purer drinking water

• pasteurized milk

• improved sewage works

• clean air - reduces air pollution

What are some other social changes in the 20th century?

• the decline of dangerous manual jobs such as mining

• smaller families reduces the rate of transmission of infections

• greater public knowledge of the causes of illnesses

• lifestyle changes - number of people who smoke, going that gym, physical exercise

• higher incomes allowing healthier lifestyle

What consist of a healthier lifestyle?

• healthier food

• gym membership

• personal trainer

What is the dependency ratio?

A demographic measures that shows many people depend on the working-age population for support

Working age 15-64

Young dependents 0-14

Old-age dependents 68+

So what does an ageing population/lower death rate mean in relation to this?

If the population is ageing, people are living longer - which means people have to work longer as more people are dependent

What is an example of economically dependent people?

Non-working older generation - ned to be provided for by the working age

What does taxed money go towards?

Support pensions and healthcare

As the umber of retired people rises, what happens to the dependency ratio?

It increases the ratio and the burden on the working population

If more people require government funding, what do the government do?

Increase taxes

In 2015, t how many people were there of working age for every pensioner?

3.2 people of working age for every pensioner

What will this ratio fall to by 2033?

2.8 working age people to 1 pensioner

Is the age of retirement rising?

Yes

67 - 68 for women

What impact will the rising age of retirement have on:

The working population

They will have to work for longer and might not retire

Taxes would increase for workers

Lead to decline/impact on mental health

What impact will the rising age of retirement have on:

The youth population

Less opportunities and less jobs

People will have less inheritance - have to sell your home to afford care home fees

What did Donald Hirsch argue the main problem would be?

How to finance a longer period of old age (this can be done by paying more for our savings and taxes who we are working, working longer or both)

Housing policies may need to encourage old people to 'trade down' to smaller accommodation

What tax was introduced to encourage people to downsize?

'Bedroom tax' - this means you pay extra tax/rent for rooms that were/are not being used

What does Hirsch argue age is?

A social construct

Why is this?

What we classify as 'old' will change over trims