Transcultural Nursing for Finals

Emic

Knowledge learned inside own culture

Etic

Knowledge learned outside one’s culture

Cultural diversity

Quality of having many different cultures

Ethnocentrism

A person believes that their culture is better than everyone.

Cultural imposition

Attempting to impose own culture to another.

Stereotyping

Overgeneralized belief about a particular group and making assumptions.

Prejudice

A biased, preconceived opinion that is not based upon own experience. 

Discrimination

Unjust, unfair, or biased treatment toward another.

Racism

Oppression against a particular race.

Culture Care Theory or Sunrise model

Theoretical framework for Transcultural Nursing

Giger and Davidhizar

Developed the Transcultural Assessment Model

Purnell

Developed the Model for Cultural Competence

Campinha-Bacote

Developed the Model for Cultural Competence in the Delivery of Healthcare Services (Awareness, Knowledge, Skills, Encounters)

Cultural Humility

A dynamic and lifelong process focusing upon oneself, self reflection, and personal critique.

NIH definition: “A lifelong process of self reflection and self critique whereby the individual not only learns about another’s culture, but starts with an examination of his/her own beliefs and cultural identities“

Cultural Assessment

Includes the collection of data about the client’s health state, concerns, and literacy.

Transcultural Nursing

• Health care providers serve increasingly diverse populations.

• Focuses on understanding cultural differences in health beliefs and practices.

Goal of Transcultural Nursing

To deliver culturally congruent, respectful, and effective care.

Dr. Madeleine Leininger

Transcultural Nursing is developed by _________in the 1950s.

Main definition of transcultural nursing

• A comparative study of cultures to understand similarities and differences in health, illness, and care practices.

• Emphasizes culturally based care that fits the patient’s values and lifestyle.

Leininger’s Sunrise Model

Central framework of transcultural nursing.

Technological factors

Religious and philosophical factors

Kinship and social factors

Cultural values and lifeways

Political, legal, and educational factors

Economic and environmental contexts

The Sunrise Model explains factors influencing health care beliefs and practices:

Culture care preservation/maintenance

Culture care accommodation/negotiation

Culture care repatterning/restructuring

The goal of the sunrise model is to provide culturally congruent nursing care through:

Culture care preservation/maintenance

Support and facilitate patient’s cultural practices that promote health.

Example: Allowing a patient to follow traditional dietary restrictions.

Culture care accommodation/negotiation

Adapt or negotiate care to satisfy both the patient’s cultural needs and medical requirements.

Example: Collaborating with traditional healers when appropriate.

Culture care repatterning/restructuring

Help clients modify cultural practices that are harmful to health while respecting their beliefs.

Example: Educating about safe alternatives to traditional healing methods.

Importance of Transcultural Nursing

• Reduces cultural barriers and misunderstandings.

• Promotes mutual respect and trust between nurses and patients.

• Improves communication, compliance, and health outcomes.

• Encourages holistic, patient-centered care.

Strategies for Implementation

• Conduct cultural assessments during care planning.

• Use interpreters or translated materials when needed.

• Participate in cultural competence training.

• Encourage teamwork among multicultural staff.

• Respect cultural beliefs, values, and rituals.

Healthcare Delivery System

• Healthcare systems today are increasingly multicultural

• Healthcare workers and patients came from diverse cultural backgrounds

• Diversity brings new perspectives but also unique challenges

Goal of the Healthcare Delivery System

To deliver equitable, culturally competent care to all.

Multicultural healthcare workforce

• Composed of professionals from different ethic and cultural backgrounds.

• Promotes diverse perspectives and inclusive problem-solving.

• Encourages cultural awareness and better patient understanding.

Challenges of healthcare workforce

Language barriers, cultural misunderstandings, and differing beliefs.

Culturally diverse clients

• Clients have varying health beliefs, traditions, and practices.

• Respect for individual values, traditions, and preference builds trust.

• Patient-centered care must be culturally sensitive.

Cultural competence in healthcare

Ability to interact effectively with people from different cultures.

Key components: cultural awareness, knowledge, skills, and encounters.

It leads to improved communication, trust, and health outcomes.

• Enhanced patient satisfaction and safety

• Stronger team collaboration

• Reduction of health disparities

• Creations of a compassionate, equitable health environment.

Benefits of multicultural health system

Racial and ethnic diversity

___________ in the healthcare workforce refers to the representation of individuals from various cultural, racial, and ethnic backgrounds within all areas of healthcare—nursing, medicine, allied health, administration, and support services. This diversity ensures equitable, culturally sensitive, and person-centered care.

Challenges to Achieving Diversity

• Systemic racism and discrimination in admissions and employment.

• Financial barriers to medical and nursing education.

• Lack of mentorship for minority students.

• Implicit biases affecting advancement and leadership opportunities.

Strategies to Increase Workforce Diversity

• Scholarship and financial aid programs for underrepresented groups.

• Anti-bias and inclusive admission procedures.

• Workforce policies promoting equity and belonging.

• Strengthening minority-serving institutions and community partnerships.

Culture, religion, family traditions, and lived experiences

Every patient carries personal views shaped by _____________________. These beliefs influence perceptions of health, illness, pain, healing, and death.

Beliefs About Illness Causes

Family Structure and Decision-Making

Views on Medical Interventions

Communication Styles

Examples of Cultural Beliefs Affecting Health Care

Biomedical

_______: germs, viruses, genetics.

Spiritual: punishment, imbalance between spiritual forces.

Naturalistic: hot-cold balance, environmental changes.

Matriarchal or egalitarian structures

Patriarchal families: father or eldest male decides.

___________________, mother decides.

Some cultures require extended family consultation.

Acceptance or refusal of blood transfusions, vaccines, or surgery.

Preferences for same-gender healthcare providers.

Examples of people’s views or beliefs on medical interventions

Direct vs. indirect communication.

Eye contact norms, touch preferences.

Communication styles

Cultural misunderstandings

This may lead to mistrust or treatment non-adherence.

Cultural respect

This leads to stronger therapeutic relationships.

Conduct cultural assessments (LEARN, FICA, Kleinman’s questions).

Avoid stereotyping—treat each client as unique.

Build rapport through active listening.

Incorporate cultural preferences when safe.

Approaches to Culturally Sensitive Care

LEARN

FICA

Kleinman’s questions

3 different cultural assessment tools

Listen Explain Acknowledge Recommend Negotiate

LEARN means?

Faith, Belief, Meaning

Importance and Influence

Community

Address/Action in Care/Assessment and Plan

FICA Spiritual History Assessment Tool means?

Kleinman’s questions

Arthur Kleinman’s Eight Questions

The explanatory model includes the client’s beliefs about their illness, the personal and social meaning they attach to their disorder, expectations about what will happen to them and what the provider will do, and their own therapeutic goals.

Recognize diversity

Respect differences

Review your responses

Three 3Rs of cultural competence

Cultural Competence

A set of behaviors, attitudes, and policies that enable professionals to work effectively in cross-cultural situations.

Linguistic competence

The ability of healthcare systems to communicate with individuals who have limited English proficiency, low literacy, or different language needs.

Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services

CLAS (_______) Standards

• Provide qualified language assistance.

• Offer translated materials.

• Maintain organizational policies promoting cultural competence.

Purpose of Continuing Education (CE)

Multicultural populations evolve, and healthcare workers must continuously update skills to remain effective. CE equips providers to meet the changing needs of diverse communities.

Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion

DEI means?

Mandarin, Spanish, Filipino dialects

Basic medical language courses

Cultural Competency Training

Language Proficiency Development

Bias Recognition and Reduction

Simulation and Role-Play

Training on Emerging Global Health Trends

Elements of effective CE training

Body–Mind–Spirit

Health Traditions Model

Maintaining Health

Protecting Health

Restoring Health

This model (Body–Mind–Spirit) recognizes 3 aspects of health:

hilot, faith healers (albularyo), ventosa

Examples of Healing Traditions

Philippines: __________________

China: Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), qi-gong, cupping.

India: Ayurveda, yoga, meditation.

Indigenous cultures: shamans, rituals, herbal mixtures.

Families

____ often shape an individual’s health behaviors, beliefs, and healthcare decisions.

Home Remedies

Decision-Making Patterns

Caring Roles

Types of family health practices

Language Barriers

Prejudice & Discrimination

Limited Access to Culturally Sensitive Services

Mismatch Between Beliefs and Biomedicine

Health Inequities

Health Care Delivery and Issues in Multicultural Settings