Human A&P Final Review

pulmonary valve

pulmonary artery

pulmonary veins

bicuspid valve

aortic valve

pericardium

Membrane surrounding the heart

myocardium

muscular, middle layer of the heart

interventricular septum

separates ventricles

pulmonary circuit

carries blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

systemic circuit

carries blood from the heart to the body tissues and back

functions of blood

1. transportation of oxygen, wastes, and hormones
2. regulation of body temp., pH level, and fluid volume
3. protection against infections and blood loss

fluid matrix of blood

plasma

Formed elements of blood

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

Hematocrit

percentage of blood that is red blood cells

Plasma composition

90% water
10% Proteins,dissolved gases, salts, enzymes, hormones, waste, and minerals.

homeostasis

regulation of plasma composition

erythrocytes

red blood cells

transports gases around body through hemoglobin molecules

How the red blood cell is suitable for its function

the biconcave shape allows for greater surface area, round sides make it easy to flow through blood, no nucleus or organelles so can keep more oxygen when transporting it

leukocytes

white blood cells, fight infection

Erythrocytes

-more present in the blood
-don't have a nucleus
-lives 100-120 days
-confined to the bloodstream
-concentration is constant

Leukocytes

-less numerous in blood
-have nucleus
-only live for a few days some for a few years
-travels through blood but can move on its own and pass outside blood vessels
-concentration fluctuates

thrombocytes

platelets

tiny fragments of other cells

clots blood when vessel is broken

hematopoiesis

formation of blood cells in red bone marrow

Hemocytoblast

stem cells that give rise to all the formed elements of the blood

Hemostasis

process of forming blood clot

hemostasis process

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

vascular spasm

1st step in hemostasis

vessel contracts causing reduced blood loss at wound

platelet plug

2nd step in hemostasis

platelets are chemically connected to collagen in wounded epithelium and stick together

coagulation

3rd step in hemostasis

injured tissue release tissue factor which interacts with platelets casing production of thrombin enzyme. Thrombin enzyme and fibrinogen proteins\=fibrin filaments that form a mesh

antigen

substance (protein, peptide, or polysaccharide) that the body recognizes as foreign

function of antigen

when antigens are present, the immune system will produce antibodies that bind to anitgen

Agglutination

clumping of red blood cells when antibodies bind with antigen

universal donor

Type O negative

universal recipient

Type AB

Type A blood

A antigens
B antibodies

Type B blood

B antigens
A antibodies

Type AB blood

A and B antigens
no antibodies

Type O Blood

no antigens
A and B antibodies

Why is blood typing important?

There are many different types of blood, and only certain types are compatible in a blood transfusion. If not, a reaction could occur

Type A can give to

AB, A

Type A can receive from

O & A

Type B can give to

B, AB

Type B can receive from

B and O

Type AB can give to

AB

Type AB can receive from

A, B, AB, O

Type O can give to

A, B, AB, O

Type O can receive from

Type O

Rh positive is a

dominant trait

Rh positive can receive from

positive and negative

RH negative can receive blood from

only Rh negative

Type A genotype

IAIA or IAi

Type B genotype

IBIB or IBi

Type AB genotype

IAIB

hormones

chemicals released from one part of the body and carried through the bloodstream to affect another part of the body

humoral stimuli

levels of nutrients and ions in the blood can cause glands to secrete hormones

hormonal stimuli

glands are encouraged by hormones secreted by other glands

neural stimuli

nerve impulses to secrete hormones

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

anterior pituitary stimulates thyroid gland to secrete thyroid hormones

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

anterior pituitary gland stimulates adrenal glands

Growth Hormone (GH)

anterior pituitary stimulates growth, mostly in bones and muscles

melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

anterior pituitary stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin

Prolactin (PRL)

anterior pituitary simulates production of breast milk

luteinizing hormone (LH)

anterior pituitary stimulates release of sex hormones

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

anterior pituitary stimulates egg or sperm production

posterior pituitary

pituitary gland functions

-control of the brain stem and spinal cord
-the center of emotional response
-body temperature regulation
-regulation of food intake
-controls thirst
-regulates sleep and wake cycles

Antiduretic hormone (ADH)

posterior pituitary; increases water retention in kidneys, decreasing urine production

Oxytocin (OT)

Posterior pituitary stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth and promotes the release of milk from breasts.

pineal gland

Melatonin

regulates sleep/wake cycle

thyroid gland

butterfly shaped gland at base of neck

calcitonin

thyroid gland reduces the calcium levels in the blood

thyroid hormones

thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3)- regulates metabolism, body heat production, regulates tissue growth, maintains blood pressure

parathyroid hormone

brings calcium out of the bones into the bloodstream for use by cells

adrenal glands

adrenal cortex

the outer portion of the adrenal glands

adrenal medulla

inner portion of the adrenal gland

adrenal medulla hormones

epinephrine and norepinephrine

epinephrine and norepinephrine

regulate the fight or flight response in emergency situations, increases heart rate,blood pressure, blood flow, and intake of oxygen for immediate energy

adrenal cortex hormones

corticosteroids

corticosteroids

regulates ion level for quick energy

exocrine glands

Glands that secrete substances outward through a duct

endocrine glands

Ductless glands that empty their hormonal products directly into the blood

islets of Langerhans

cell clusters in the pancreas that form the endocrine part of that organ

beta cells

pancreatic cells that secrete insulin which lowers blood glucose levels

alpha cells

pancreatic cells that secrete glucagon which raises blood glucose levels

thymus gland

near sternum

thymopietin, thymosin, thymulin

aids in the development of immune system

gonads

ovaries and testes

females

estrogen and progesterone

estrogen

maturation of reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics

progesterone

cause breast development and control of menstrual cycle

males

testosterone

Testosterone

maturation of reproductive organs and secondary sex characteristics, production of sperm

feedback mechanism

a response within a system that influences the activity of that system

negative feedback loops

most common in body, body works to keep status around setpoint (Ex: body temperature, body sugar)

positive feedback loops

a feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified

hyposecretion

Not enough hormone is released

hypersecretion

too much hormone is secreted

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)

regulate the rate of metabolism