HENRY VII - FOREIGN POLICY

How did ambassadors work?

relatively new, now a permanent figure, keep monarchs informed

What did Henry’s foreign policy focus on?

national security, recognition of Tudor dynasty, avoid war, gain allies

What is happening to the feudal structure in Europe?

tis breaking down and being replaced with emerging national states

How was Spain unified?

through the marriage of Isabella of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon

Where did Henry stay during his exile?

Brittany and France

Who ruled Brittany?

Duke Francis II

When did Brittany give up its independence?

1491 when Duchess Anne married Charles VIII

Who did Charles VIII succeed, when?

Louis XI, 1483

Where did France have a claim to?

Naples and Milan

How was France growing in strength?

unifying, financially strong, gained control of Burgundy, treaty of Arras with Maximilian in 1482, largest population in Europe

Why did Henry need foreign recognition and alliances?

seen as a usurper

When does France invade England?

1494

What Is Europes largest self governing state?

Holy Roman Empire, in reality a group of small self governing states

When was spain united?

1479

When was the inavsion of Grenada (reconquista)?

1492

Where did Spain have a claim to?

Naples

What lands did Spain want to recover from France?

Navarre, Cerdaque, Rousilon

Why did Maximillian fail to centralise power?

by the desire of individual states for independence, the threat from Turkey, italian ambitions

What was the Holy Roman Empire’s main concern?

The ottoman empire

What city is the key for northern trade?

Antwerp

What cities are the keys for southern trade?

Genoa, venice

What does Henry immediately negotiate with France in 1485?

a one year truce, only a year as the french don’t think he will last, extended for three years

What does Henry immediately negotaite with Scotland in 1486?

a three year truce with King James III, but he was assassinated so continues with King James IV

What did Henry immediately negotiate with Brittany in 1486?

a new trade treaty

What Was Henry’s main foreign threat at the start of his reign, why?

Burgundy, ruled by Duchess Margaret (Richard III’s sister), a yorkist stronghold, supports Simnel with 2000 mercenaries, refuge for Lovell

Why does Henry focus on consolidation so much at the start of his reign?

viewed as a usurper, dealing with Lovell and simnel

How old is James IV when he ascends to the throne

15 years old

When was the treaty of Redon?

1489

What Ports did Henry control?

Plymouth, Portsmouth, SOuthampton, London Dover and Calais

Why does Henry want to support Brittany?

he stayed there in exile and he needs control of Brest to remian in control of the channel, trading, doesn’t want France to gain any more power

How old is Duchess Anne?

12 years old

Who is regent of France?

Anne of France

What law prevents Duchess Anne from inheriting?

salic law

What solution does Anne of France propose to solve the Brittany crisis?

Duchess Anne wil marry Charles VIII

How did other countris respond to the Breton crisis?

Maximillian sends 1500 troops, Ferdinand sends 1000 and Albret (french nobleman) sends 4000

How does Henry initially respond to the Breton crisis?

sends unofficial troops ‘volunteers’ and negotiated with France

Who signs the treaty of Sable, what happens?

France and Brittany, Anne can’t marry without Charles VIII’s consent, then the Duke dies

What does France do to Brittany in 1487?

invades Brittany, won the battle of St Aubin de Corbier in 1488, Anne of FRnace claims wardship over Duchess Anne

What Truce is signed with Scotland, when?

Truce of Ayton, 1497

What is the followup to the truce of Ayton, when?

Peace of Ayton, Warbeck now dead, both agree not to support rivals, 1502?

What happens in 2503 as a result of the Peace of Ayton?

James IV marries MArgaret Tudor, marriage of the thistle and the rose

How long does the Peace last for, what stops it?

10 years, the battle of Flodden, James IV killed

Why is the Scottish foreign policy the biggest success?

first anglo scottish peace treaty since 1328

What is the King o England also, in regards to Ireland?

Lord of Ireland

How is Ireland ruled?

England rules the Pale of Dublin and the rest is rled by feudal lords and clan chiefs

Who is the most powerful Lord in Ireland, what mistake does he make?

Earl of Kildare, supports Simnel

Who is amde Lord Deputy of Ireland in 1494, what does he introduce?

Sie Edward Poynings, poynings law whivh states that the parliament of England can overrule that of Ireland

What happens to the Lord deputy of Ireland in 1496?

replaced by Kildare he summons a parliament in 1498, Poynings recalled

Why does Henry summon Parliament in 1489?

so that they coul grant him extraordianry revenue to fight the french, £181,000

What is agreed in the treaty of Redon, 1489?

promises to send troops to defend Brittany, 6,000 but actually sends 3,000, doesn’t need to pay for them

What are the two theories detailing why henry only sent 3,000 troops to Brittany?

Henry doesn’t want to commit fully and start a war, Brittany didnt want 6,000 troops as they were worried Henry would use it to retake lost lands eg Gascony

What is the treaty of Dordetch, 1489?

Henry signed with Maximillian, henry sends 3000 to help Maximillian against the French but Maximillian had promised to support them and send troops to Brittany but mmade a deal with the French in July 1489

Why did Spain withdraw from Brittany?

they were fighting in grenada, the reconquista

What had Maximillian done to anger the french?

married Duchess Anne by proxy, Anne of Brittany surrenders to Charles

When does Grenada fall?

1492

Why couldn’t Hery withdraw from the Brittany crisis?

invested £181,500, invested lots of prestige (look like Henry V) but war with France could be exploited by the Yorkist, james III dropped plans for a France-Scottish marriage

What two events occured in France in 1491?

Anne of Brittany marries charles VIII, Warbeck in France

How many men doe Henry invade France with?

26,000, largest army since Agincourt

What did Henry know that Charles VIII was more interested in?

war with Italy

Where did Henry lay siege to?

Boulogne, near calais, Henry didn’t want war but had to convince Charles VIII that he was serious so that a peace treaty would be negotiated.

WHo close, to Henry had died, when?

a daughter elizabeth, 1495, a son edmund, 1500, a son Arthur 1502, a wife Elizabeth of york, 1503, a daughter Katherine 1503

When is Edmund de la Pole forced out of Burgundy?

1506

Wo does Henry consider as a new spouse?

Catherine of Aragon, Joanna the mad (ferdinand keen as it would keep her out of Castile), Margaret of Angouleme (niece of Louis XI), Margaret of Austria ( daughter of maximillian), Joan of Naples (Ferdinands niece)

WHy do many of Henry’s marriage plans fall through?

they occur in the period of time when Henry had no allies following the castiloian affair

What is the Holy league, what Does Henry agree?

an alliance between spain and the Holy Roman Empire agaisnt France, Henry only a silent partner

What was Burgundya actually made up of?

17 autonomous provinces ruled by the Duke of Burgundy

Why does Henry take out a trade embargo agaisnt Burgundy in 1493?

over their support for Warbeck

What did the intercursus magnus do in 1496?

re-established trade between England and Burgundy could trade anywhere except Flanders

What was the intercursus Malus in 1506?

was a trade treaty overly beneficial to England, never ratified as Philip dies, meant that England didnt have to play customs, Burgundy lost money

What border towns did Henry strengthen?

Carlisle and Berwick which are garrison towns

What is the auld alliance?

alliance between France and Scotland

Who ruled Scotland in 1492, why was this beneficial to England?

Earl of Angus, pro english and signed a Truce with England in 1493

When did James IV come of age, what did he do?

1495, took over ruling wanted to attack England and support Warbeck so marries him to Lady Catherine Gordon

What does Scotland do in October 1496?

unsuccesfully invades Englands in support of Warbeck,, henry is dealing with Cornish rebellion

How does Dr Steven Gunn describe the scottish situation?

perhaps the greatest crisis of his reign

What happens to James III of Scotland?

he is asssassinated

When does Isabella of Castile die?, what does she want to happen

1504, Joanna the mad to inherit Castile and end the Spanish alliance

What had Joanna the mad done in 1496?

married Philip of Burgundy, son of emperor Maximillian so Castile would become part of the Holy Roman empire, Ferdinand does not want this to happen

How does Ferdinand of Aragon respond to the death of his wife?

he takes over Castile

Why did Henry not know who to support during the Castilian crisis?

Ferdinand was his ally but Philip had access to edmund de la Pole

When did Ferdinand ally with France, how?

1505, treaty of Blois, Ferdinand marries Luois niece Germiane de Foix

When does Philip set sail for Spain?

1506

what alliance is signed between Henry and philip in 1506?

Treaty of Windsor

WHat does the treaty of Windsor entail?

Intercursus Malus, hand over edmund de la Pole, Henry backs Philip against ferdinand

Who was Edmund de la pole?

Yorkist claimant, brother of John de la Pole who was named heir by Richard III and killed at the battle of Stoke

What happened in 1506 when Philip reached Castile?

he won it, then died

What happened to Castile after Philip died?

Ferdinand took it as Joanna went totally insane

How did Henry respond to ferdinand taking Castile?

He asked to marry Joanna and fomed an alliance with France, Henry was now isolated?

How did France finally deal with Henry?

didn’t trust him so pulled out of alliance, allied with maximillian, ferdinand and the pope to from the league of cambrai

What did the treaty of Etaples in 1492 do for England?

charles quickly agrees to peace term, francepays the cost of the invasion,pays a pension of £12,500 over 15 years, per year, won’t support Warbeck

What does the treaty of Etaples, 1492 do for France?

henry would remove all english troops from France bar Calais, France could annexe Brittany

When does Catherine of Aragon marry Arthur?

1501

Why does Spain want England to invade france in 1494 and 1498?

france is going to invade Naples which Spain has a claim to, Holy Roman Empire also has claim to Naples, Henry refuses

When is the treaty of Medina Del campo?

1489

What is agreed in the treaty of Medina Del Campo?

mutual protection in case of attack, trade agreements, promised to not support pretenders to each others throne, marriage alliance of catherine and Arthur, CAtherine’s dpwry would be 2x what Ferdinand wants to pay

Wha are the problems that medina del Campo faces?

threat of perkin warbeck in the way of marriage negotiations (Isabella very worried), marriage is agreed in 1499 but occurs in 1501 (warbeck dead)