2019 APUSH -- Test #6

Big Sister Policy

Aimed to rally Latin American nations behind the United States and open Latin American markets to American traders.

Great Rapprochement

reconciliation between the US and Britain. the new Anglo-American cordiality became a cornerstone of both nations and foreign policies as the 20th century started

McKinley Tariff

1890 tariff that raised protective tariff levels by nearly 50%, making them the highest tariffs on imports in the United States history

insurrectos

Cuban insurgents who sought freedom from colonial Spanish rule. Their destructive tactics threatened American economic interests in Cuban plantations and railroads.

Maine

American battleship sent on a "friendly" visit to Cuba that ended in disaster and war

Teller Amendment

Legislation that promised the US would not annex Cuba after winning the Spanish-American war

Rough Riders

volunteer soldiers led by Theodore Roosevelt during the Spanish American War

Anti-Imperialist League

objected to the annexation of the Philippines and the building of an American empire. Idealism, self-interest, racism, constitutionalism, and other reasons motivated them, but they failed to make their case; the Philippines were annexed in 1900

Foraker Act

gave the US direct control over and power to set up a government in Puerto Rico

Insular Cases

Determined that inhabitants of U.S. territories had some, but not all, of the rights of U.S. citizens.

Platt Amendment

Legislation that severely restricted Cuba's sovereignty and gave the US the right to intervene if Cuba got into trouble

Open Door note

a concept in foreign affairs stating that, in principle, all nations should have equal commercial and industrial trade rights in China

Boxer Rebellion

1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". The rebellion was ended by British troops

Hay-Paunceforte Treaty

treaty that stated that Great Britain ceded its interest in building a canal across the Central American isthmus in return for a US promise to leave such a canal open to ships of all nations.

Roosevelt Corollary

A 1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force

Root-Takahira agreement

1908 - Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China.

muckrakers

Sensationalist journalists in the 20th century who used their public influence to reveal corporate corruption

(Lincoln) Steffens

A famous Muckraker, this man published "The Shame of the Cities" in "McClure's" Magazine, an article exposing corrupt alliances between corporations and local governments

(Ida) Tarbell

A famous Muckraker, this woman published a devastating but factual exposé about the Standard Oil Company

initiative

Progressive proposal to allow voters to bypass state legislatures and propose legislation themselves

referendum

the proposed system of placing to-be-passed laws on ballots, allowing the people to vote on them

recall

essentially a form of impeachment; the name for giving voters the ability to remove from office disloyal or incompetent officials

17th Amendment (1913)

This amendment allowed for the direct election of senators

(Robert) La Follette

Progressive Republican Governor of Wisconsin, this man wrested control from the corporations and gave it back to the people

(Louis) Brandeis

The first Jewish man to be appointed to the Supreme Court, this man is notable for his earlier influence in the case Muller v. Oregon and for writing "Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use It".

(Theodore) Roosevelt

President of the United States from 1901-1909, this man with a mythic reputation was notable for his corollary of the Monroe Doctrine and for being the first real progressivist president.

Square Deal

the stated policy of President Theodore Roosevelt, originally promising fairness in all dealings with labor and management and later extended to include other groups.

Elkins Act (1903)

strengthened the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 by imposing heavy fines on railroads offering rebates and on the shippers accepting them

Hepburn Act (1906)

restricted railroad "free passes" and expanded the Interstate Commerce Commission to include in its powers the prosecution of express companies, sleeping-car companies, and pipelines. For the first time gave the ICC that ability to nullify existing rates and set maximum rates.

(William Howard) Taft

Successor of Roosevelt; Different views than Teddy, but still a progressivist; Passed Sixteenth Amendment

trustbuster

informal name given to T. Roosevelt and W. H. Taft for their devotion to dissolving corrupt, monopolistic trusts.

(Upton) Sinclair

author of The Jungle that inspired pro-consumer federal laws regulating meat, food, and drugs

The Jungle (1906)

A book written by Upton Sinclair that exposed the horrendous and downright gross conditions of the food-packaging industry of the time

Meat Inspection Act (1906)

An act passed which allowed the Federal Government to inspect and ensure the quality of meat products in the United States.

Pure Food and Drug Inspection Act (1906)

An act which called for the regulation of consumer products to prevent false advertising.

Desert Land Act (1877)

An act which was passed to encourage the development of agriculture in the more arid locations of the Western United States.

conservationists

Those who believe that the preservation of forests and other such places is of utmost importance.

(Gifford) Pinchot

a notable conservationist who headed the federal Division of Forestry.

(Eugene V.) Debs

Very influential pro-labor man; Led the Pullman Railroad Strike; Much-later he, under the banner of the Socialist Party, ran for the presidency -- while locked in prison.

Dollar Diplomacy

President Taft's policy of using economic interests as an inconspicuous way to bind other nations to the US

New Freedom

Woodrow Wilson's domestic policy that, promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters.

New Nationalism

Roosevelt's progressive political policy that favored heavy government intervention in order to assure social justice

Underwood Tariff

Pushed through Congress by Woodrow Wilson, this 1913 tariff reduced average tariff duties by almost 15% and established a graduated income tax

Federal Reserve Act

a 1913 law that set up a system of federal banks and gave government the power to control the money supply

Federal Trade Commission Act

This law authorized a presidentially-appointed commission to oversee industries engaged in interstate commerce, such as the meatpackers. The commissioners were expected to crush monopolies at the source.

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

New antitrust legislation constructed to remedy deficiencies of the Sherman Antitrust Act, namely, it's effectiveness against labor unions

holding companies

Companies that hold a majority of another company's stock in order to control the management of that company. Can be used to establish a monopoly.

Workingmen's Compensation Act

established an all-purpose protection program for Federal civilian employees and their dependents in the event of injury or death

Adamson Act

1916 law that established 8 hour workday for railroad workers in order to avert a national strike

Jones Act

(WW) 1916, Promised Philippine independence. Given freedom in 1917, their economy grew as a satellite of the U.S. Filipino independence was not realized for 30 years.

Tampico Incident

In April 1914, some U.S. sailors were arrested in Mexico. President Wilson used the incident to send U.S. troops into northern Mexico. His real intent was to unseat the Huerta government there. After the Niagara Falls Conference, Huerta abdicated and the confrontation ended.

Central Powers

in World War I the alliance of Germany and Austria-Hungary and other nations allied with them in opposing the Allies

Allies

in World War I the alliance of Great Britain and France and Russia and all the other nations that became allied with them in opposing the Central Powers

U-Boats

German submarines

Lusitania

a British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Zimmermann Note (1917)

Secret German message to Mexico (intercepted by the US) which offered to return to Mexico the lands it lost in the Mexican-American War.

Fourteen Points (1918)

A list of foreign policy goals which Woodrow Wilson hoped to achieve in the aftermath of World War I

Committee on Public Info

Established by Woodrow Wilson and headed by George Creel, this was the Federal group that worked on producing and distributing pro-war propaganda to the US people.

(George) Creel

Head of the Committee on Public Info, this man used many techniques to persuade the public to support the war.

Espionage Act (1917)

Law which punished people for aiding the enemy or refusing military duty during World War 1

Sedition Act (1918)

Added to Espionage Act, this act deemed "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the American form of government, the Constitution, the flag, or the armed forces as criminal and worthy of prosecution-- the reason why Eugene V. Debs was imprisoned.

War Industries Board

Agency established during WWI to increase efficiency & discourage waste in war-related industries.

AFL (American Federation of Labor)

A union of many labor unions into one, this establishment accomplished much for its members. Loyally supported the Great War.

Food Administration

This government agency was headed by Herbert Hoover and was established to increase the production of food and to ration food for the military.

(Herbert) Hoover

Later elected president of the United States, this Quaker-humanitarian was the head of the Food Administration and attained an amazingly positive reputation all over the world for his help in feeding the hungry.

Liberty Bonds

Government bonds sold to gain money for World War I

Russian Revolution

The revolution that overthrew Czar Nicholas I in 1917. Later established a socialist government under Vladimir Lenin.

(Henry Cabot) Lodge

Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he was a leader in the fight against participation in the League of Nations. He led the "reservationists" in Congress.

League of Nations

The precursor to the United Nations, this was a proposed union of the world powers after World War I; the brainchild of Wilson, who fought tooth-and-nail for its passage.

Treaty of Versailles (1919)

Treaty that ended World War I; it was much harder on Germany than Wilson wanted but not as punitive as France and England desired. It was harsh enough, however, to set stage for Hitler's rise of power in Germany in 1930s.

irreconcilables

Senators who voted against the League of Nations with or without amendments.

(Warren G.) Harding

29th U.S. President. 1921-1923 (Died of natural causes). Republican. Called for a return to normalcy.

Conscription

drafting of civilians to serve in the army

Chateau-Thierry

first significant engagement of the American troops in a European war

Kaiser Wilhelm II

was the Kaiser of Germany at the time of the First World War reigning from 1888-1918. He pushed for a more aggressive foreign policy by means of colonies and a strong navy to compete with Britain. His actions added to the growing tensions in pre-1914 Europe.

WWI casualties

10 million dead; 20 million wounded (not including civilians) 30million people perished in a world-wide influenza pandemic in 1918-1919. Over 550,000 Americans, more than 10x's the number of U.S. combat casualties-died from the flu.

Sarajevo

Administrative center of the Bosnian province of Austrian Empire; assassination there of Arch-duke Ferdinand in 1914 started World War I

14 points

(1918) President Woodrow Wilson's plan for organizing post World War I Europe and for avoiding future wars.

normalcy

Harding wanted a return to "normalcy" - the way life was before WW I.

Sussex pledge

A promise Germany made to America, after Wilson threatened to sever ties, to stop sinking their ships without warning.

John Pershing

Commander of American Expeditionary Force of over 1 million troops who insisted his soldiers fight as independent units so US would have independent role in shaping the peace

David Lloyd George

Britain's prime minister at the end of World War I whose goal was to make the Germans pay for the other countries' staggering war losses

Charles Evans Hughes

A reformist Republican governor of New York, who had gained fame as an investigator of malpractices by gas and insurance companies and by the coal trust. He later ran against Wilson in the 1916 election.