Plant and Animal Cells Flashcards

Flashcards about cell structures and functions in plant, animal, and fungal cells. Includes organelles like the cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi body, nucleus, lysosomes, vacuoles, cell wall, chloroplast, centrosome, flagellum, and peroxisome.

What is the cell membrane?

The semipermeable organelle that holds and protects the cell, controls substance flow, and facilitates nutrient transport.

What is the structural attribute of all membranes?

A double layer made of phospholipids. Each phospholipid contains two fatty acid hydrophobic tails attached to a glycerol hydrophilic head.

What is the cytoplasm?

The substance between the cell membrane and nucleus, where organelles are suspended.

What is cytosol?

The fluid aspect of the cytoplasm, a watery, gel-like fluid composed of water, nutrients, and waste products.

What is the cytoskeleton?

Gives the cell structure and helps hold organelles in place; made of microtubules and microfilaments.

What is the mitochondria?

The organelle that produces most of the energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions through ATP production.

What are cristae?

Where sugar is combined with oxygen to make ATP inside the mitochondria.

What are ribosomes?

Smallest organelles in the cell, responsible for protein synthesis.

What is the main function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

Synthesis, process, and package proteins; it is also capable of transporting. Dotted and covered with many ribosomes.

What is the main job of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

Produces the other substances that the cells need, the network of tubules where lipid synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism takes place.

What is the Golgi Body?

Packages hormones and proteins that have come from the rough ER.

What is the Cis Face of the Golgi Apparatus?

Receives proteins and lipids from organelles at the Golgi Body.

What is the Trans Face of the Golgi Apparatus?

Releases proteins and lipids after packaging at the Golgi Body.

What is the nucleus?

Regulates and controls all cellular activity and stores the cell’s DNA.

What is the nucleolus?

Structure inside the nucleus where ribosomes are formed.

What are lysosomes?

Breakdown the waste materials of the cell using digestive enzymes.

What is autolysis?

A mechanism where lysosomes self-destruct and release their enzymes into the cell, killing the cell.

What is the role of the vacuole?

In animal cells, it maintains waste, and in plant cells, it helps balance water; maintains and gets rid of waste materials.

What is the cell wall?

Provides plant cells structure and support, similar to an animal’s skeleton.

What is the job of the chloroplast?

Converts water and carbon dioxide to sugar and oxygen using sunlight; carries out photosynthesis.

What is the main function of chloroplasts, and what is the formula for photosynthesis?

Carries out photosynthesis to convert light energy to chemical energy as sugars. CO2 + WATER + light -> SUGAR + O2

What is the centrosome?

Helps in cell division and organizes microtubules during mitosis.

What is the flagellum?

Has a whip like appearance that helps to propel through liquid; the basic features are to help an organism move, sense changes, increase reproductive rates, and be used as a secretory organelle.

What is the job of the peroxisome?

Breaks down fatty acids and protects the cell from ROS molecules.

What organelles are present in Animal Cells but not in Plant Cells?

Lysosomes, Centrioles/Centrosomes, flagella.

What organelles are present in Plant cell but not in Animal cells?

Cell wall, chloroplast, large central vacuole.

What are the key differences in fungal cells compare to animal and plant cells?

Cell wall made of chitin, multiple nuclei, can grow hyphae. They do not contain chloroplasts.