chapter 8- from national unification to religious revival

otto von bismarck (1815-1898)

- Prussian prime minister who achieved the unification of the various German states into a single and coherent national whole.
- He did so, in his words, "not by speeches and majority opinions ... but by blood and iron."
- He skillfully manipulated political alliances and wars to achieve his goals, notably using the Danish, Austro-Prussian, and Franco-Prussian Wars to strengthen Prussia's position.
- Bismarck's policy of Realpolitik, emphasizing pragmatic and often ruthless decision-making, helped maintain stability in Europe for decades

napoleon III

- After France becomes a republic, elections are held and Louis Napoleon III becomes voted in.
- He destroys the second republic regime, and establishes a second empire in France.
- Supports universal male suffrage. His regime brought together authoritarianism and democracy. Leads his empire into the Franco-Prussian war

tsar nicholas I

- Ruled Russia from 1825 to 1855 and was known for his strict, autocratic rule.
- He worked to suppress any liberal ideas and focused on maintaining traditional values like the church, strong government control, and Russian nationalism.
- His reign included the Crimean War, which revealed Russia's weaknesses and led to his defeat. Nicholas I's refusal to reform left Russia behind compared to other European countries.

count camillo di cavour (1810-1861)

- The prime minister of the independent kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia wanted to achieve the unification of Italy under Piedmont's control.
- Napoleon III and Cavour secretly agreed to a military alliance in which the French promised to help Piedmont oust Austria from its strongholds in Italy.
- In exchange, France would receive Piedmond's province of Savoy, where most people spoke French

giuseppe garibaldi (1807-1882)

- Had an aspiration for Italian unity and led the "red shirts" army where he is most famous for leading the Expedition of the Thousand in 1860, which resulted in the conquest of Sicily and Naples, bringing them into the Kingdom of Italy.
- Garibaldi's efforts helped to overthrow the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and paved the way for the creation of a unified Italian state under King Victor Emmanuel II.
- His dedication to Italian nationalism and republican ideals made him a revered figure in Italy and a symbol of the struggle for freedom and unity

karl marx (1818-1883)

- German philosopher who argued that under capitalism, workers only retained a portion of the value they created.
- He believed that the only way for workers to obtain their fair share was to create labor unions and political organizations to force capitalists to return all or some of the surplus to the people who created it

the new indsutrialization

- A strategic initiative in Germany to increase connectivity of travel in Germany in order to produce more goods, such as coal and other harvestable goods.
- In Germany, the "new industrialization," all advances were rapid, as the production of spinning mills, iron-making factories, steam engines, and railroads happened virtually simultaneously, in a short period of time.
- It did not take nearly as long as the industrial revolution in Britain did

crimean war (1853-1856)

- Napoleon III sought to restore the old Napoleonic glory into France's international standing, and he decided to insert France into the complex relationship between the Ottoman Empire and Prussia.
- France sided with the British against Russia, and eventually feared that Russian occupation might escalate into an effort to capture Constantinople.
- Notable for the incompetence, suffering, and brutality faced on all sides of the war

franco-prussian war (1870-1871)

- A conflict between France and the German states led by Prussia.
- The war was sparked by tensions over the Spanish throne and the growing power of Prussia under Otto von Bismarck.
- Prussia's decisive victory led to the fall of the French Empire, the capture of Napoleon III, and the unification of Germany under the Prussian king, Wilhelm I.
- The war also resulted in the Treaty of Frankfurt, where France was forced to give up territory (Alsace-Lorraine) and pay a large indemnity, while Germany became a unified empire

the creation of austria-hungary (1867)

- in the wake of Italian independence and Prussia military victories, the empire's increasingly self-aware national groups became restive.
- The Hungarians and the Croats demanded the reestablishment of their Diets, which angered the country's ethnic Germans. Austrians' defeat by Prussia reduced ethnic German influence and the government in Vienna was encouraged to cut its losses.
- It did so chiefly by making agreements with moderate nationalists in Hungary, and Hungary was eventually granted their own government. Eventually Hungary gained a Habsburg empire, creating a "Dual Monarchy" of Austria-Hungary

realpolitik

The pure pursuit of power unleavened by considerations of ethics or morality. Exemplified by Bismarck

marxism

- argues that society's history is shaped by class struggles.
- It posits that capitalism, with its focus on private property and profit, exploits workers, who are the working class or proletariat.
- Marxists believe that the working class will eventually overthrow the capitalist system, leading to a classless society where resources are shared equally.
- This theory laid the foundation for many socialist and communist movements around the world, aiming to create a more just and equitable society