BIOL 2200 Final Exam

A fish is excreting large volumes of water; we would describe it as ______________________ relative to its environment.

An osmoregulator that is hyperosmotic.

Which of the following animals likely makes the most nitrogenous waste?

A. Frugivorous Bat

B. Insectivorous Frog

C. Piscivorous Seal

D. Granivorous Bird

C. Piscivorous Seal

Which of the following statements about mammalian excretion if FALSE:

A. Substances like solutes always diffuse across the nephron membrane, with direction based on differences in the concentration gradient

B. Whenever water is diffusing out of nephron, solutes are diffusing in

C. Water resorption happens at every stage of the process, making the waste more and more concentrated

D. A & B

E. A, B, and C

E. A, B, and C

The advantage of excreting nitrogenous wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that ________.

Urea is less toxic than ammonia

Uric acid is the _______________ toxic form of nitrogenous waste, has a very _____________ water loss, and a very _____________________ energy expenditure.

Least

Low

High

Ammonia is likely to be the primary form of nitrogenous waste in an environment with a mass abundance of _______________.

Water

The figure shows the human excretory system. Letters from A to E mark the definite structures of this system. Letter A marks the vessels that nourish the kidney. Letter B marks the tube, which goes from the kidney to bladder. Letter C marks the sac in the pelvis. Letter D marks bean-shaped organ. Letter E marks the tube, which goes from bladder to outside.

Which labels the urethra?

E

Urine formed by a kidney collects in the _____ before being drained from the kidney by the _____ and transported to the _____.

Renal Pelvis

Ureter

Urinary Bladder

Fluid from the glomerulus first collects in ____________________________.

Bowman's Capsule

The _____ are the major blood vessels transporting blood to the kidneys.

Renal Arteries

What is the functional unit of a kidney?

Nephron

The ________________ is the outer part of the kidney.

Cortex

What is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule, leading to a reduction in the overall filtrate volume?

Water, NaCl, Ions, and Nutrients

The ascending loop of Henle is permeable to ____________, while it is impermeable to _________________.

NaCl

Water

In which part of the nephron does the filtrate have a higher osmolarity than the blood when it enters and a lower osmolarity than the blood when it leaves?

Ascending loop of Henle

What contributes most significantly to the kidney's high energy expenditure?

Transport of NaCl in the thick portion of the ascending loop of Henle

True or False:

The collecting duct concentrates urine by actively reabsorbing NaCl.

False

True or False:

Reabsorption of water and solutes in the proximal tubule reduces the volume of the filtrate.

True

True or False:

The collecting duct becomes more permeable to water when the kidneys are in water-conservation mode.

True

True or False:

Regulated changes in the epithelium of the loop of Henle allow the kidney to operate in water-conservation mode.

False

Place the 4 general components of excretion in the correct order:

1. Excretion

2. Filtration

3. Reabsorption

4. Secretion

2, 3, 4, 1

Why doesn't your stomach digest itself or other components of the digestive tract?

Stomach cells are digested; they are replaced very frequently

Which of the following statements about comparative morphology of alimentary canals is true?

A. Herbivores have short alimentary canals relative to carnivores because plant material is easy to digest

B. Herbivores have a long cecum relative to carnivores because bacteria help digest plant material

C. Omnivores have shorter alimentary canals than carnivores because they eat both plants and animals

D. All of the above

E. None of the above

B.

Which of the following statements is true?

A. Extracellular digestion requires specialized digestive organs

B. The human cecum plays a key role in digesting plant material

C. Chemical digestion is largely completed in the stomach

D. The liver is in chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients

E. None of the above

D.

Sexual reproduction is common among animals, but many plants asexually reproduce. Why?

A. Plants make their gametes via mitosis, so sexual reproduction does increase genetic diversity as effectively as it does in animals

B. Plants are sessile, so finding a partner can be difficult and some reproduction is better than no reproduction

C. In general, plants have shorter lifespans, so its more important for them to make lots of offspring

D. A & B

E. All of the Above

B.

Differences in sperm and egg production in humans have consequences for the likelihood of successful fertilization. Which of the following is false?

A. As a man gets older, his sperm quality decreases

B. As a man gets older, his sperm quantity decreases

C. As a woman gets older, her egg quality decreases

D. As a woman gets older, her egg quantity decreases

E. All of the above are true

B.

For which of the following components of gametogenesis is the number the same in human male and females?

A. Interruptions in meiotic divisions

B. Functional gametes produced by meiosis

C. Meiotic divisions required to produce each gamete

D. Ploidy level of mature gametes

E. Two of the Above

C & D

Do all animals have a circulatory system?

A. Yes, because this is how Oxygen is distributed to animal cells

B. No, because some animals make their own Oxygen

C. No, because some animals distribute Oxygen through first contact of hemolymph

D. No, because some animals can exchange material directly with their environment

D

Terms:

1. Arteries

2. Atrium

3. Capillaries

4. Veins

5. Ventricle

Definitions:

A. carries blood from heart to organs

B. carries blood from organs to heart

C. found near every cell in the body

D. where blood enters heart

E. where blood exits heart

1-A

2-D

3-C

4-B

5-E

Crocodilians have a four chambered heart like birds, but can control flow of blood to lung or body with the unique connecting valves in the aorta found in turtles, lizards, and snakes. What does this adaptation tell us about the evolution of reptiles?

A. A three-chambered heart is related to a partially aquatic lifestyle

B. A divided ventricle is a derived trait

C. Crocodiles are more closely related to birds than to snakes and lizards

D. A & B

E. All of the above

C.

An advantage of a complete digestive system over a gastrovascular cavity is that the complete system _____.

allows for specialized regions with specialized functions

Mechanical digestion, the process of breaking down large chunks of food into smaller pieces, is important because smaller pieces of food ________.

have more surface area for chemical digestion than do larger pieces of food

Which structure is not part of the alimentary canal?

A. Esophagus

B. Salivary Glands

C. Mouth

D. Stomach

B.

Which process is not required for an animal to obtain energy from food?

A. Excretion

B. Secretion

C. Digestion

D. Ingestion

A.

An _______________________ is an organ that directly contributes to digestion but does not have food pass through it.

Accessory organ

Is the liver part of the alimentary canal?

No, its an accessory organ

Proteins that are consumed in the diet are absorbed as individual ____________________.

Amino Acids

Where does carbohydrate digestion begin and with the help of which secretion?

Mouth

Salivary Amylase

Where is fat digestion completed and with the help of which secretion?

Small Intestine

Pancreatic Lipases

Sharp scissor-like teeth suggest a high _____________ diet.

Protein

Sexual reproduction produces ____________________ phenotypes, which may result in a higher ___________________ of a population.

Diverse

Survivability

Genetic mutations in asexually reproducing organisms lead to more evolutionary change than do genetic mutations in sexually reproducing ones because _____.

asexually reproducing organisms, but not sexually reproducing organisms, pass all mutations on to their offspring

What is the "twofold" cost of sex?

The higher number of female offspring produced by an asexual female

Humans form gametes through a process called ______________________.

Gametogenesis

What role do germ cells play in gametogenesis?

They produce cells that divide by mitosis and then undergo meiosis to form gametes.

What products are formed when a diploid cell undergoes meiosis?

Four haploid cells

"Beginning at puberty, a primary oocyte completes its first meiotic division to form a secondary oocyte and a polar body approximately every month" is a characteristic of _____________________ in humans.

Oogenesis

Which male diploid cells are produced by an embryonic germ cell?

Spermatogonia

Spermatogonia divide by _____________ and differentiate into primary _______________. Starting at puberty, hormones stimulate the primary spermatocytes to undergo _____________ to form ___________________ spermatocytes, which then undergo ________________ to form ___________________.

Mitosis

Spermatocytes

Meiosis I

Secondary

Meiosis II

Spermatids

How does spermatogenesis differ from oogenesis?

Diploid cells give rise to four functional gametes in spermatogenesis, while they give rice to only one functional gamete in oogenesis

External fertilization calls for a __________________ environment.

Moist

Egg laying in fruit flies can be triggered (induced) when males deposit their sperm in the spermathecae of the females. What is the selective advantage of induced egg laying for the male flies?

Induced egg laying ensures that a male fly's sperm is used for fertilization.

One advantage of having a tube-like digestive tract is that digestive processes with different requirements (for example, an acidic or basic environment) can be ________________ within the tract.

Separated

In an open circulatory system, blood is _____.

not always confined to blood vessels and is under lower pressure than in closed circulatory systems

Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have _____.

a closed circulatory system

The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the _____.

fishes

Blood returns to the heart following the lungs via the _____.

Pulmonary veins

From the pulmonary veins, blood flows to the _____.

Left atrium

From the superior vena cava, blood flows to the _____.

Right atrium

From the capillaries of the abdominal organs and hind limbs, blood flows to the _____.

Inferior Vena Cava

What is the function of a circulatory system?

It brings a transport liquid into close contact with all cells in the body.

Why do the circulatory systems of land vertebrates have separate circuits to the lungs and to the rest of the body?

The large decrease in blood pressure as blood moves through the lungs may prevent efficient circulation through the rest of the body.

True or false? The circulatory systems of land-dwelling vertebrates are composed of two pumping circuits: the systemic circulation, which is a lower-pressure circuit to the lung, and the pulmonary circulation, which is a higher-pressure circuit to the rest of the body.

False

The pulmonary circulation is the lower-pressure circuit to the lung, whereas the systemic circulation is the higher-pressure circuit to the rest of the body.

What is the function of the left ventricle?

It pumps oxygenated blood around the body via the systemic circulation.

Valves prevent the _________________ of blood into the atria and ventricles.

Backflow

Which event occurs first during atrial and ventricular diastole?

The atria and ventricles are relaxed, and blood flows into the atria.

Which event of the cardiac cycle occurs when systolic blood pressure is measured?

The ventricles contract, carrying blood into the aorta, and blood flows into the relaxed atria.

In the adult heart, blood in the right chambers of the heart cannot enter the left chambers without passing through the ______________.

Lungs

Based on the bloody vocabulary we learned last class, which of the following describes a direct relationship between parts of the mammalian circulatory system?

A. Vena Cava to ventricle

B. Ventricle to veins

C. Atrium to aorta

D. Arteries to atrium

E. None of the above

E.

The first stage of heart disease is atherosclerosis, the hardening of arteries through the accumulation of fatty deposits. Atherosclerosis often start with an injury to the endothelium, which leads to a build up of cells in the artery walls. Which factors increase the risk of atherosclerosis?

A. Low Blood Pressure

B. High Blood Pressure

C. A diet high in cholesterol

D. A & C

E. B & C

E.

Sickle cell anemia is an inherited blood disorder characterized by sickle-shaped red blood cells. it is caused by the production of abnormal hemoglobin, which aggregates within red blood cells, altering the shape of the cell. Sickle cells often block the flow of blood in arterioles and capillaries; they also rupture frequently. Which of the following treatments can help a sufferer of sickle cell?

A. Plasma transfusion

B. Blood transfusion

C. Bone marrow transplant

D. Iron supplements

E. Two of the above

E.

B. & C.

Which of the following statements about human blood is FALSE?

A. White blood cells are produced in the bone marrow

B. Red blood cells are the most numerous blood cell

C. A major role of the dissolved ions in plasma is to buffer blood pH

D. Platelets play a key role in the immune system

E. There is no false answer

D.

Acquiring oxygen on land requires several key adaptations. Which group of animals is the first to have lungs?

A. Tetrapods

B. Amniotes

C. Lobe-finned Fish

D. Ray-finned Fish

E. Jawed animals

D.

Acquiring oxygen on land requires several key adaptations. Which group of animals is the first to use their ribcage to ventilate their lungs?

A. Tetrapods

B. Amniotes

C. Lobe-finned fish

D. Ray-finned fish

E. Jawed Animals

B.

Human breathing is not as efficient as bird breathing. Why have birds evolved a more efficient breathing strategy?

A. As endotherms, birds require higher oxygen delivery relative to humans

B. There is a lower oxygen content up in the air, making it more difficult for birds, who breathe in flight, to get oxygen relative to humans

C. Flying is metabolically costly, so birds have to be more efficient at delivering oxygen than humans

D. A & C

E. B & C

C.

If a molecule of Carbon Dioxide released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following except:

A. The pulmonary vein

B. The trachea

C. The right atrium

D. The right ventricle

E. All of the above are true

A.

A motor neuron typically has:

A. highly branched axons and dendrites with an advanced structure

B. Highly branched dendrites and minimally branched axons

C. Minimally branched axons and dendrites

B.

A motor neuron _________________ a lot of information and _______________ very little.

Receives

Transmits

An interneuron typically has:

A. highly branched axons and dendrites with an advanced structure

B. Highly branched dendrites and minimally branched axons

C. Minimally branched axons and dendrites

A.

A sensory neuron typically has:

A. highly branched axons and dendrites with an advanced structure

B. Highly branched dendrites and minimally branched axons

C. Minimally branched axons and dendrites with a very simple structure

C.

The dorsal hollow nerve cord develops into the brain and spinal cord. What derived trait of all chordates plays a key role in supporting the vertebrate CNS?

A. Vertebrae

B. Notochord

C. Pharyngeal slits

D. Post anal tail

B.

Cerebrospinal fluid also plays a key role in the regulation of what physiological process?

A. Digestion

B. Excretion

C. Gas exchange

D. Circulation

C.

Blood is pumped at high pressures in arteries from the heart to ensure that all parts of the body receive adequate blood flow. Capillary beds, however, would hemorrhage under direct arterial pressures. How does the design of the circulatory network contribute to reducing blood pressure to avoid this scenario?

The total cross-sectional diameter of the arterial circulation increases with progression from artery to arteriole to capillary, leading to a reduced blood pressure.

Pulmonary veins carry oxygen-______________ blood to the heart.

Rich

What purpose do capillary beds serve in circulation?

Diffusion of oxygen and nutrients

White blood cells or ________________________ fight infection.

Leukocytes

Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the _____.

development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls

You cut your finger, and after putting pressure on the wound for several minutes, you notice that it is still bleeding profusely. What may be the problem?

Platelets are not functioning properly, or there are too few to be effective.

Capillaries found where in fish, serve the same function as our lungs?

Gills

The _____________________ of oxygen in blood increases as it flows through gill capillaries.

Partial Pressure

In order for net diffusion to occur in fish respiration, the partial pressure of oxygen must be higher in the _________________ than the ___________________.

Water

Blood

How has the avian lung adapted to the metabolic demands of flight?

Gas exchange occurs during both inhalation and exhalation.

Name the path air flow takes into a mammal.

Larynx

Trachea

Bronchi

Bronchioles

Alveoli

_____ in carbon dioxide in your red blood cells, which causes _____ in pH, causes your breathing to speed up.

A rise

A drop

True or false? The lungs of humans form from the embryonic foregut.

True

True or false? The pressure inside the human chest cavity is always positive, so the lungs stay relatively inflated even upon exhalation.

False, the pressure is always negative

Which lung structure is a tiny sac that functions as an interface between air and blood?

Alveolus

Which barrier(s) must O2 and CO2 cross to pass between air and blood inside lungs?

Epithelial Cells

Extracellular Fluid

Capillary Walls

How is most carbon dioxide transported from tissues to the lungs?

As Bicarbonate

What does the binding of one oxygen molecule to hemoglobin stimulate?

the binding of other oxygen molecules.