PAHAM - CS2 Q1 LT

ACM

The Association for Computing Machinery, the largest and most prominent educational and scientific computing group.

ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct

A code of conduct created by ACM to guide the ethics of computing practitioners.

General Ethical Principles

The first part of the ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct, which includes principles such as contributing to society and avoiding harm.

Harm

Negative consequences that computing practitioners should avoid, including physical or mental injury, destruction or disclosure of information, and damage to property, reputation, and the environment.

Be honest and trustworthy

An ethical principle that requires computing practitioners to disclose and discuss important system capabilities, limitations, and potential problems with clients or users.

Be fair

An ethical principle that emphasizes inclusivity and accessibility in technology and discourages unfair discrimination, exclusion, or harassment.

Respect the work

An ethical principle that requires computing professionals to credit the creators of ideas and other work and respect copyrights and intellectual property.

Respect Privacy

An ethical principle that emphasizes the protection of personal data and information and the prevention of unauthorized data collection or disclosure.

Transparency

The practice of establishing clear policies and informing users about the collection and use of their data.

Honor Confidentiality

The responsibility of computing professionals to protect confidential information, except when it is evidence of a violation of law or the Code of Ethics.

System software

A type of software that controls the computer and coordinates the activities and functions of the hardware and other programs.

Operating System (OS)

The program that helps users interact with the computer system and performs various technical operations.

Utility Software

Software that helps perform maintenance or correct problems with a computer system.

Application Software

Software that applies the power of the computer to solve problems and perform specific tasks.

Programming Software / Programming Languages

A set of keywords, symbols, and rules for constructing statements that communicate instructions to a computer.

Syntax

The set of rules that define the structure and format of statements in a programming language.

Low-Level Languages

Programming languages that are close to the machine language understood by the computer.

Machine Language

The only language understood by the machine, consisting entirely of numbers.

Assembly Language

A low-level language that uses names or mnemonics instead of numbers to represent instructions.

High-Level Languages

A programming language that is user-friendly, platform-independent, and abstract from low-level computer processor operations.

Preprocessing Directive

A line of code that directs the preprocessor to add a predefined source code into the program being built.

Library

A collection of predefined routines or programs that a program can use to perform specific tasks without writing the codes that do it.

Namespace

Additional information used to differentiate similar functions, classes, variables, etc. with the same name available in different libraries.

Main Function

The start of the program, indicated by the declaration of a function named main.

Statements

Fragments of a program that are executed in sequence and always end with a semicolon.

Comments

Lines or blocks of code ignored by the compiler, used for notes or explanatory statements in the program.

Compiling

The process of checking the source program for syntax errors and translating it into the equivalent machine language.

Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

A software application that contains necessary code and tools for developing programs.

Linker

A program that combines the object program with other programs in the library to create the executable code.

Loader

Responsible for loading the program into the main memory for execution.

Variables

Memory locations whose values can change during runtime, used for storing and referencing data.

Identifiers

Programmer-defined names that represent elements of a program, used to distinguish variables from each other.

Variable Definitions

Statements used to define variables and indicate the type of data they will hold.

Assignment

An operator that copies a value into a variable.

String Literal

A sequence of characters enclosed in double quotation marks, printed exactly as they appear inside the quotation marks.

Double quotation marks

Marks used to enclose string literals in C++ code.

String literal

A sequence of characters enclosed in double-quote marks.

Integer

A numeric literal without any fractional or exponential part.

Floating-point literal

A numeric literal that has either a fractional form or an exponent form.

Character literal

A single character enclosed in single quotation marks.

Escape sequence

Special characters used in C++ programming that cannot be typed directly.

Constants

Variables assigned with fixed values that cannot be changed.

Syntax

Set of rules that must be followed when using a programming language.

Identifiers

Unique names assigned to memory locations in a program.

Variable names

Examples of identifiers that represent elements of a program.

Case-sensitive

Language that distinguishes between uppercase and lowercase letters.

Declaring a memory location

Syntax used to declare variables in C++.

Coding standards

Rules and conventions for writing code to improve readability and maintainability.

Code layout

Guidelines for organizing code, including the placement of braces and line length.

Indentation

Adding spaces to show the hierarchy and structure of code.

Comments

Descriptive text added to code to explain its purpose and functionality.

Output stream

Flow of data from the main memory to the user or device.

Stream

Source or destination of characters used for input and output in C++.

I/O library

Library in C++ called iostream that provides input/output functionality.

Header

File included at the top of the code to access the functionality of a library.

Standard Output (cout)

Used to produce output on the device, usually the display screen.

cout

Stands for Console OUTput, used to send data to the console for output or display.

Insertion operator (<

Paired with cout keyword to concatenate or combine multiple things to output.

Quotation marks

Used to enclose strings or series of characters to be displayed literally.

ASCII

American Standard Code for Information Interchange, a 7-bit code for characters.

Address

Location in memory or identifying a particular memory.

Algorithm

Set of instructions for accomplishing tasks.

Application

Runnable program that provides some service.

Argument

Pieces of data provided as input to a procedure or function.

Assignment

Process of storing a value in a variable.

Binary

Number system that represents any number using two symbols (1 and 0).

Bit

Binary digit, the smallest unit of information represented by one of two states (1 and 0).

Block

A collection of statements grouped together that performs a specific task.

Boolean

A type in many programming languages that can hold either True or False.

Byte

8 bits, denoted by a capital B, used to represent characters or data.

Call

Statement in a language that starts or invokes a procedure or function.

Character

Single letter or symbol represented by a small set of bytes.

Comment

Non-executing code that explains what the code is doing.

Comparison

Operation that compares things, represented by a double equal symbol (==).

Compile Time

Amount of time for the program to be compiled.

Compiler

Program for translating a program in one language into code that can be executed.

Computer Science

Study of process, data, and computation.

Conditional

Control structure that conditionally executes a block of code, such as if-statement or case-statement.

Control Structure

Code or statement that changes the order of execution.

Declaration

Statement in a program that attaches a property to a symbol, variables must be declared before use.

Debugging

Process of detecting and removing existing and potential errors in a program.

Expression

Language construct that can be used to produce a value.

File

Single block of information allocated by an operating system for retention beyond the execution time of any program.

Floating Point number

Number with a decimal point.

Function

Standalone segment of code with inputs and outputs that performs a specific function and returns a value.

Global Variable

Accessible from anywhere in the code, persistent for the duration of the program.

Grammar

Formal specification of the syntax of a language.

Hexadecimal

Base 16 number system, often used to express binary numbers.

High-Level Language

Language closer to spoken language, such as C++, Java, Python.

I/O

Input and output.

IDE

Integrated Development Environment, a software tool that aids a programmer in writing programs.

Indenting

Good programming practice of properly aligning code for readability.

Integer

Whole number without a fractional part, can be positive, negative, or zero.

Keyword

Also known as reserved words, has a special meaning in the language and cannot be used for other purposes.

Local Variable

Variable accessible only within a limited portion of the program.

Logical Errors

Semantic errors, incorrect results for some input.

Loop

Control structure that causes repeated execution of a section of code.

Memory

Area in the computer for storing and retrieving bytes of data.

Nesting

Important feature of most computer programs and languages, to use one piece of code as an integral block of function in another piece of code.

Octal

Base 8 number system, often used to express binary numbers in a shorter string.