Serology final

(clinical)

Antigens

surface product/ foreign substance that are able to produce immune response

Antibodies

Glycoprotein structures constructed by body for immunogenic purpose

referred as immunoglobulins

Prozone

Reactions in serum that contain too much antibodies

Postzone

Lack of visible reaction resulting from too much antigens

Structure of Antibody

2 Fab region (antigens)

1 Fc region (immune cells/complement)

What does the antibody Fab region bind to?

antigens

Humoral immunity

Protects body from freely circulating pathogens.

B-cells bind to antigens for which they are specific.

Cellular immunity

protects against intracellular pathogens.

T cell binds to MHC-antigen complexes on the surface of the cell and activates the T cell, followed by activation of macrophages

Classical pathway

Activated by antigen-antibody complexes

IgM & IgG

C1,C2,C4, C3 activate C5-9

What do the complement pathways do?

mediates inflammation

Alternative pathway

Activated by certain bacterial pathogens or toxins

other factors activate C3 then C5-9

3 lines of defense

1st- Barrier

2nd- Natural immunity/ innate

3rd- Acquired/ adaptive

1st line of defense- Barrier

Skin, mucous membranes, conjuctiva

2nd line of defense- Innate/natural

inflammation; non-specific

Cellular- mast cells, macrophages, PMN’s

Humoral- complement, lysozyme

3rd line of defense- Adaptive/ acquired

recognition, response, memory; specific

Cellular- T and B lymphs, plasma cells

Humoral- antibodies and antigens

Types of T-cells

CD4 & CD8

CD4 T-cells

MHC II- helper T-cells

CD8 T-cells

MHC I- cytotoxic T-cells

Primary immune response

Long lag

IgM

Short lasting

Secondary/ amnestic immune response

Short lag

IgG

Long lasting

RPR & VDRL are tests for

Syphilis

reaction for RPR test

flocculation

Active acquired immunity- Natural & Artificial

Natural- having HEP B and recovering

Artificial- HEP B vaccine

Passive acquired immunity- Natural & Artificial

Natural- mother to child through nursing

Artificial- immunoglobulin shot to prevent rabies virus

IgG

Protects newborns

most common

IgA

in mucosal tissues, tears, and saliva

dimer

IgM

1st antibody produced

pentamer

IgE

allergic reactions and parasitic infections

sensitize and activate mast cells

IgD

unknown/ less known

with memory cells

in lymphs of blood cord

Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

allergic reactions

IgE

drug rx, hay fever, asthma

Type II hypersensitivity reaction

Cytotoxic

IgG, IgM

Acute transfusion rx, hemolytic anemias, HDFN

Type III hypersensitivity reaction

immune complex reactions

IgG, IgM, other ab

AGN, glomerulonephritis, lupus

Type IV hypersensitivity reaction

cell mediated hypersensitivity

“delayed”

T-cells

foreign tissue rejection, tumor cell elimination

which serological method is used for lupus?

florescent antinuclear ab test

anti-human ab

which serological method is used for HIV

ELISA & westernblot

what does ELISA do?

Enzymes attach to ab or ag

Specificity

no false positives

gives a measurement of the assay’s accuracy in terms of how often a true negative sample will yield a negative test result

sensitivity

no false negatives

measure of how often the assay will diagnose the disease or condition

What test is used for mycoplasma/ walking pneumo

cold agglutination

What test is used for GAS sequelae

Streptolysin O- ASO

what test is used for rubella?

what are the normal values?

hemagglutination

1-8 normal

what other tests are used for syphilis?

FTA, MHATP

what is used to detect inflammation?

ESR- sidderates

CRP

what test is used for EBV/mono

mono spot test, PCR, EBV test

Affinity

strength of a single binding site of antibody to antigen

Avidity

total strength binding of a molecule with more than one binding site