Lucas C Year 10 Exam (IAS #2)

Topic _ Unit 2: It's All Connected

The Anthropocene

A proposed geological epoch marked by significant human impact on Earth's geology and ecosystems

Epochs

Distinct periods in Earth's history characterized by particular climate, life forms, and geological conditions

Industrialization

The process of shifting from agrarian economies to machine-based manufacturing and urban growth

Consumerism

A social and economic order that encourages the acquisition of goods and services in ever-increasing amounts

Globalization

The growing interconnection of economies, cultures, and populations driven by trade, communication, and technology

Agriculture

The cultivation of soil, growing of crops, and raising of livestock for food and raw materials

Deforestation

The large-scale removal of forest cover, often to clear land for agriculture or development

Climate Change

Long-term shifts in temperature and weather patterns, largely driven by human greenhouse gas emissions

Plastic Pollution

Accumulation of plastic objects and particles in the environment, harming wildlife and ecosystems

The Great Acceleration

Post-1950 surge in human population, economic output, urbanization, and technological development

Linear Economy

"Take-make-dispose" model of production and consumption consisting of extraction, production, distribution, consumption, disposal

Five Stages of Consumption

Extraction → Production → Distribution → Consumption → Disposal (as outlined in The Story of Stuff)

Hidden Cost of Industry

Unpriced environmental and social impacts of production (e.g., fast fashion's pollution and labor abuses)

Tipping Points

Critical thresholds where small changes can lead to drastic, often irreversible environmental shifts

Planetary Boundaries

Nine Earth-system processes with safe operating limits, four of which (climate change, biodiversity loss, biogeochemical flows, land use) are crossed

Point of No Return

The stage beyond which degradation of a planetary boundary becomes irreversible

Probable vs. Preferable Future

"Probable" is the most likely trajectory given current trends; "preferable" is the desirable outcome based on values

Sustainability

Meeting present needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet theirs

UN Sustainable Development Goals

17 global targets adopted by the UN to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity

Circular Economy

An economic system designed to regenerate natural systems, keep materials in use, and eliminate waste

Doughnut Economics

A model balancing humanity's social foundation and ecological ceiling to ensure safe and just development

Environmental Justice

Fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people in environmental policy and practice

Ecological Footprint

Measure of human demand on Earth's ecosystems compared to what the planet can regenerate

Climate Resilience

Capacity of communities and ecosystems to anticipate, absorb, and recover from climate impacts

Greenwashing

Misleading claims by organizations to appear environmentally responsible without meaningful action

Resource Efficiency

Using the Earth's limited resources in a sustainable manner while minimizing environmental impact

Biodegradable Materials

Substances that can be broken down by microorganisms into natural elements

Carbon Footprint

Total greenhouse gas emissions caused directly and indirectly by an individual, organization, event, or product

Corporate Social Responsibility

Business approach that contributes to sustainable development by delivering economic, social, and environmental benefits

Eco-innovation

Development of products and processes that contribute to sustainable development

Biodiversity Hotspots

Regions with exceptional levels of endemic species under significant threat

Sustainable Agriculture

Farming practices that maintain productivity while preserving environmental health

Renewable Energy

Energy derived from natural processes that are replenished constantly (e.g., solar, wind, hydro)

Circular Supply Chain

Product lifecycle that maximizes reuse, refurbishment, and recycling of all materials

Environmental Stewardship

Responsible use and protection of the natural environment through conservation and sustainable practices

Topic _ Unit 3: Social Enterprise

Social Enterprise

An organization that applies commercial strategies to maximize social or environmental impact alongside profit

The Golden Circle

Simon Sinek's framework: Why (purpose) → How (process) → What (product)

Ikigai

Japanese concept of one's reason for being, found at the intersection of passion, vocation, mission, and profession

Spectrum of Business Models

Range from traditional charity to traditional business, including hybrid models like B-Corps

The Four Traits of a Social Enterprise

Key characteristics: social mission, financial sustainability, innovation, stakeholder engagement

Triple Bottom Line

Business framework measuring success by People, Planet, and Profit

Mission Statement

A concise declaration of an organization's present purpose and primary objectives

Vision Statement

A forward-looking declaration of an organization's aspirations and desired future impact

Values Statement

Core principles and beliefs that guide an organization's behaviour and decision-making

Branding

Process of creating a unique identity and image for a social enterprise

Market Analysis

Assessment of market conditions, competitors, and customer needs

Demographic Information

Data about the statistical characteristics of a population (e.g., age, gender, income)

Psychographic Information

Data about the psychological attributes of consumers (e.g., values, interests, lifestyle)

Competitor Analysis

Evaluation of competitors based on factors like price, quality, market share, and positioning

Stakeholder Analysis

Identification and assessment of individuals or groups with a stake in an organization's activities and outcomes

Product/Service Description

Clear explanation of what a product or service is, how it works, and its intended benefits

Design Cycle

Iterative process of planning, prototyping, testing, and refining products or services

Break-even Analysis

Calculation of the sales volume at which total revenues equal total costs

Fixed Cost

Expenses that do not change with production volume (e.g., rent, salaries)

Variable Cost

Expenses that vary directly with production volume (e.g., raw materials)

Total Cost

Sum of fixed and variable costs for a given level of production

Financial Advice Essentials

Key guidance on budgeting, forecasting, and managing revenues and expenses

Product Perception Map

Visual tool mapping consumer perceptions of products based on two attributes (e.g., price vs. quality)

Product Pricing

Strategy for setting the price of a product based on cost, market demand, and competitive positioning

Connecting SE to SDGs & Circular Economy

Aligning social enterprise objectives with Sustainable Development Goals and circular economic principles

Case Study - Patagonia

Outdoor apparel company known for environmental activism and sustainable materials

Case Study - BRAC

Bangladesh NGO focusing on poverty alleviation through education, healthcare, and microfinance

Case Study - M-KOPA

Kenyan pay-as-you-go solar energy provider improving energy access for low-income households

Case Study - Friends International

Cambodian social enterprise using circus arts to empower marginalized youth

Case Study - Phare (Cambodian Circus)

Arts organization combining performance and social reintegration programs for vulnerable populations

Topic _ Unit 4: Catalysts for Change

Change

Process of making something different, often involving disruption, adaptation, and new outcomes

Forms of Protest

Methods of dissent such as marches, boycotts, strikes, art, music, and digital campaigns

Changemaker Case Study - Ai Weiwei

Contemporary artist and activist using art and documentary film to critique authoritarian regimes

Changemaker Case Study - Billie Holiday ("Strange Fruit")

Jazz singer whose 1939 recording protested lynching and racism in America

Changemaker Case Study - Run The Jewels ("JU$T")

Hip-hop duo whose song "JU$T" critiques consumerism and systemic injustice

Changemaker Case Study - Mahsa Amini Protests

2022 Iranian protests sparked by the death of Mahsa Amini, highlighting women's rights and government repression

Human Rights

Fundamental rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

1948 UN document outlining 30 basic civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights

Turning Protest into Change

Strategies to translate protest energy into policy reforms, including coalition-building, advocacy, and strategic campaigns

Colonialism

Direct political and economic domination of one territory by another

Colonisation

The policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically

Imperialism

Extension of power and control through economic, political, or cultural influence

Neocolonialism

Modern forms of economic and cultural dominance, such as debt dependency and unequal trade

Primary Source

A first-hand account or direct evidence of an event, created at the time it occurred

Secondary Source

Analysis or interpretation of historical events created after the fact by someone not present during the event

OPCVL

Source analysis tool: Origin, Purpose, Content, Value, Limitations

OPCVL Cues

Indicators of credibility: author's motives, date, context, audience, and bias

Compare

Give an account of the similarities between two or more items, referring to all throughout

Contrast

Give an account of the differences between two or more items, referring to all throughout

Mahatma Gandhi

Leader of Indian independence known for nonviolent resistance (Satyagraha) including Champaran (1917), Salt March (1930), Quit India (1942); assassinated 30 Jan 1948

Gandhi's Method of Protest (Satyagraha)

Philosophy of nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience based on truth-force, involving noncooperation with unjust laws

Gandhi's Impact & Legacy

Led to India's independence in 1947, inspired global nonviolent movements, and influenced civil rights and decolonization worldwide

Martin Luther King Jr.

US civil rights leader: Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955-56), founded SCLC (1957), Birmingham Campaign (1963), March on Washington ("I Have a Dream," 1963), Selma (1965); assassinated 4 Apr 1968

King's Method of Protest (Nonviolent Direct Action)

Organized peaceful protests, marches, sit-ins, and boycotts rooted in civil disobedience to challenge segregation and injustice

King's Impact & Legacy

Resulted in the Civil Rights Act 1964 and Voting Rights Act 1965, advanced racial equality, and shaped subsequent US civil rights policy

Topic _ Exam Command Terms

Identify

Recognize and state briefly a distinguishing fact or feature

State

Give a specific name, value, or other brief answer without explanation or calculation

Suggest

Propose a solution, hypothesis, or other possible answer

Define

Give the precise meaning of a word, phrase, concept, or physical quantity

Describe

Give a detailed account

Explain

Give a detailed account including reasons or causes