TOPIC 3 - REPRODUCTION (REGENTS)

Mitotic Division

• Asexual reproduction

• One cell division 1=2 cells

• Parent cell divides equally to produce 2 identical daughter cells

• Genetic makeup identical to parent

• 2n - Diploid #

• Function: To produce identical cells used for growth and repair

Meiotic Division

• Sexual reproduction

• Two cell divisions 1= 4 cells

• Parent cell divides twice to produce either 4 sperm cells or 3 polar bodies + 1 egg (ovum)

• Genetic makeup ½ of the parent cell

• 1n - Haploid #

• Only occurs in the male and female gonads and solely produces gametes

• Function: to produce sex cells with ½ of the species chromosome number

Gonads

Sex glands (Ovaries and testes)

gametes

sex cells that unite in fertilization to form a zygote

Zygote

fertilized egg

Fertilization

When a male and female gamete unite. If the gametes each have 23 chromosomes, then what does their zygote have? 46 chromosomes

Differentiation

The process that transforms developing unspecialized cells into specialized cells with different structures and functions. Tissues are specialized groups of cells

Vagina

Birth canal

Uterus

Where the baby develops

Ovaries

Female gonads that produce the egg and important female hormones

Placenta

The organ that is attached to the baby via the umbilical cord and provides nutrients, oxygen to the fetus and removes waste through the process of diffusion (mother and baby’s blood do not mix)

oviducts/fallopian tube

Place where fertilization occurs

Testis

Male gonads that produce sperm and male hormones like testosterone

artificial insemination

using sperm from a donor

Amniocentesis

Removing some of the cells from the amniotic fluid which protects the fetus and analzing their DNA

Karyotype

A visual map of chromosomes. Can be used to see if the fetus has any chromosomal problems like Down’s syndrome (3 copies of chromosome #21)