Test 2

The social construction of reality theory states that through_____, we construct what for us is reality

Interaction with others

A 90- year old college student exemplifies

status inconsistency

Sociologist use_____ to analyze social interaction

micro-sociology

A backward collar is a(n) _____ for priest

status symbol

In the absences of __________ the same person will catch, drive it to market, and sell it

a division of labor

Girish is a husband, a son, an entrepreneur, and an amateur ornithologist. A sociologist would say that these statuses or positions make up Girish's ______

Status set

The term "organic solidarity" is baed on the way that different members of society _____

need each other

Your sign-vehicles include___

your way of presenting yourself

Emile Durkheim was interested in how societies united their members by shared values and other social bonds to produce______.

Social Integration

Richard had lived on the street for almost a year. His days were busy with doing things necessary to survive at a basic level-finding shelter, keeping safe, panhandling for money, getting food and drink, washing, and finding dry clothes. Richard knew that he did not have many chances. A __________ would focus on where Richard is located in the social class system of the United States and what opportunities are available to him because of that.

conflict theorist

A(n) ________ status is given to you ; you do not ear it

ascribed

Aletha had an accident in which she fell into hot cooking grease. Despite many operations and treatments, her face, neck, and hands were forever altered. Regardless of her accomplishments or occupation, many others viewed Althea's disfigurement as her_______

master status

__________ indicate what is expected of people

roles

Ethnomenthodologist explore____assumptions about how the world operates that underlie our behavior

background

______ consists of the usual patterns between students and teachers, for example, or between men and women; these patterns were laid out before any of these people were born

social structure

People's _______the social structure will teach them behavior and attitudes are appropriate for them

location in

Social class is based on

income, education, and occupational prestige

_________ consists of the usual patterns between students and teachers, for example, or between men and women; these patterns were laid out before any of these people were born.

social structure

___________is (are) the primary focus of micro-sociologists

in-person interaction

Sakiko was was a _______, so she was interested in micro-sociology

symbolic interactionist

For Durkheim people who performed similar task had in common the way they looked at life, which he called

mechanical solidarity

Our assumptions about what people are like are known as __

stereotypes

Erving Goffman used the term ______ to mean that social life is like a drama or a stage play

"dramaturgy"

Sociologists use ______ to analyze the broad features of society

macro-sociology

Ex-con, class president, and doctor are examples of _____

achieved status

"If people define situations as real, they are real in their consequences". This statement was made by sociologist(s)___

W.I. and Dorothy S. Thomas

__________ refer(s) to the typical ways society meets its essential needs

social instituions

Who believes that social institustions were originally designed to meet basic survival needs

both conflict and functionalist theorists

Role Strain is

conflict occurring within the same role

In a self-fulfilling stereotype

the behaviors of the person match our expectations from the get go

_________ refer(s) to the ways that individuals affect groups and the ways that groups influences individuals

group dynamics

A _______ influences other people

leader

Triads often generate ____________

coalitions

Robert Michels said that a small group of elite members tends to perpetuate itself at the top levels of organizations. He called this the

Iron law of oligarchy

Any leadership style might create resentment, but the one most likely to do so___ is the leadership style

Authoritarian

______are the links generating outward from a person that ties him or her to others

social networks

a small group characterized by intimate, long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation is a(n)

primary group

the most permissive leadership style is the _____ leader

laissez-faire

With the extent and type of government surveillance, plus our smartphones and cars emitting information about where we are, we may be entering a

Maximum-security society

According to Weber, in a bureaucracy the task assignments flow_________ and accountability flow____

downward;upward

When an organization replaces old goals with new ones, this is known as ____

Goal displacement

An ________consists of people who share similar characteristics, but who do not think of them as belonging together

category

People who have something in common, and who believe that what they have in common is significant, form a______

group

the local theater group, the Cub scouts, and the Business and Professional Women's Club are examples of

voluntary association

According to Marx, workers feel alienation because they are

not connected to the finished products of their labor

A leader focused on task who keeps the group working towards its objective is a(n) _________ leader

instrumental

One feels antagonism towards a(n)

out-group

The ________ of society refers to the process by which ordinary aspects of life are rationalized and efficiency comes to rules them

McDonaldization

_________ refer(S) to stereotypical traits that create self-fulfilling prophecies as they produce high-performing and underperforming workers

Hidden corporate culture

Individuals who temporarily share the same physical space, but who do not see themselves as belonging together, make up a(n)

aggregate

The group's _________ leader serves to reduce conflict

expressive

The term _____ refers to a system in which many are ruled by a few

oligarchy

The smallest number of people that can still be considered a group is ________

two people

A(n) leader tries to gain consensus among group members

democratic

We judge ourselves based on

primary groups

Solomon Asch's classic experiment showed that most individuals in a group______

will even say what they know to be false to go along with their peers

___________ tend to have________ within them

secondary groups; primary groups

One is loyal to one's

in-group

The ______ refers to opportunities for crimes that are part of the fabric on one's life.

illegitimate opportunity structure

The term "capital punishment" refers to

the death penalty

Strain theory_______ the sociological view that deviants are the product of society

support

There are variety of ways to approach deviance. _______ look for answers internal to individuals, such as a possible genetic predisposition to deviance

sociobiologists

_______ refers to blemishes that discredit a person's claim to a normal identity

Stigma

Psychologists look at ____as possible causes of deviance

personality disorder

Conflict theorists view the criminal justices system as

focusing on punishment of the powerful

Ted gave a talk to his high school class that was laced with humor and understanding and showed that he really grasped the important points in the history of the French Revolution, which was what his history class was studying. When he was finished Ted was praised by his teacher as well as by several classmates. The praise was an example of a____-

positive sanction

Edward Sutherland used the term _____ to indicate that people who associate with some groups learn more messages favorable to deviance, increasing their chances of becoming deviant

differential association

In the medicalization of deviance, deviance becomes a symptom of some underlying illness that needs to be treated by______

Physicians

In a(n) ________, people answer to a group, hear testimony against themselves are found guilty and have their statuses as group members removed

Degradation ceremony

Who did the spate of "three-strikes" laws actually end up convicting

nonviolent offenders

_________ is the violation of norms

deviance

______, the decision to arrest someone or even ignore a matter, is a routine part of police work

police discretion

______ states taht the labels people are given affect their own and others' perception or them, thus channeling their behavior into either deviance or conformity

labeling theory

Symbolic interactionists stress that we

are pawns n the hands of others, so to speak

The _______ as a whole consists of several components, such as police departments and officers the court system, and jails and prisons

criminal justice system

Techniques of_____are ways of thinking that help people rationalize the breaking of society's norms

neutralization

According to Hirschi, if our bonds with society are_______, our inner controls will be____

strong; strong

The motorcycle policeman appeared out of nowhere and pulled Teresa over for speeding. He was friendly and businesslike as he stood by Teresa's open window and issued her a $250 ticker. This is an example of a ________

negative sanction

______ violate(S) rules written into law

crime

Because deviance undermines predictability , a system of ________ was developed to enforce the norms

social control

How does deviance clarify moral boundaries and affirm norms

punishment of a deviating group member helps make clear what is means to be a member of the group

Sociologist Robert Merton developed

strain theory

a group's __________ or typical social arrangement, is brought about by norms

social order

A ___________ is committed by people or respectable and high social status in the course of their occupation

white collar crime

In a class system, what is the main basic for social stratification

money

In endogamy, one______

marries within one's group

The system of separating racial-ethnic groups that was practiced in South Africa was called_______

apartheid

Just through their normal ways of doing business, _______ sustain stratification

multinational corporations

In trying to synthesize the views of functionalists and conflict theorists, Lenski suggested that the concept of _________ is the key

surplus

To Marx, the bourgeoisie were

large-scale business and factory owners

Over a century ago, Mosca said that ______

leadership necessitates a lack of equality

___________ refers to beliefs about the way things ought to be justify social arrangements

Ideology

In Marx's theory, those who were taken advantage of because they did not own the means of production were called the

proletariat

The research of Davis and Moore (1945,1953) found that stratification of society is inevitable because_____

a society's positions must be occupied for it to work well

Gender is basis of social stratification for ____________ society(ies) in the world

all

__________ is the separation of large numbers of people into layers based on levels of property, power, and prestige

Social Statification

_______ hold that conflict is the cause of social stratification

conflict theorists

What is the difference between bonded labor and slavery

people agree to become bonded laborers (or their parents make the agreement for them

The divine right of kings asserts that the king's or queen's authority comes from_____

god

Marx used the term "class consciousness" to refer to awareness of a common identity based on one's _____

position in the means of production