Exam 1-3 Anatomy and Physiology of Speech and Hearing

Which term refers to the description of individual parts of the body without reference to disease conditions, viewing the body as a composite of systems that function together?

Descriptive Anatomy

A section that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

Frontal (coronal) section

A section that cuts the body into left and right portions

Sagittal Section

A section that cuts the body into upper and lower portions

Transverse Section

Synonymous with posterior in a human

Dorsal

Mean "toward the side"

Distal

Means "above" or "father form the ground"

Superior

Means "bending at a joint" brings two ventral surfaces closer together

Flexion

____ Tissue provides the surface covering of the body and lining of cavities and passageways

Epithelial

Blood, cartilage, adipose tissue, and bone are all the types of ____ tissue

connective

___ provides a means of attaching bone to bone or bone to cartilage

ligaments

The _____ is the point of attachment of a muscle that has the least movement

Origin

the _____ is the point of attachment that is relatively mobile

insertion

Which of the following is defined as the exchange of gas between and organism and its environment

Respiration

Boyle's law states that

given as gas of constant temperature, increasing the volume of the chamber in which the gas is contain will decrease the pressure

The second cervical vertebra (C2) is termed the

Axis

How many lumbar vertebrae are in the human body?

7

Gas Exchange occurs within the minute air sacs of the lungs called

alveoli

When the diaphragm contracts, the diaphragm ___________

depresses

when the diaphragm depresses, which causes the volume of the thoracic cavity to ________

increase

when the diaphragm depresses, which causes the volume of the thoracic cavity to increase, and air to come ____

in

The ______ pleura completely encase the lungs

Visceral

During forced inspiration, the accessory muscles of inspiration with a point of attachment on the rib cage contract, causing the rib cage to ____________________

elevate

Muscle that originate at the sternum and clavicle and inserts into the humerus. It elevates the sternum during inspiration

Pectoralis Major

Neck Muscle that elevates the sternum and clavicle and also rotates the head

Sternocleidomastoid

Originates on the transverse process of a thoracic vertebrae and courses down to insert into the rib below

Levator costarum brevis

Originates on the posterior border of the sternum, courses up and laterally, and inserts into the chondral portion of 2-6

Transversus Thoracis

Quadratus Lumborum

Expiration

Interosseous portion of the internal intercostals

Expiration

Scalenes

Inspiration

Trapezius

Inspiration

Respiratory pressure is measured using which of the following

Nasometer

Approximately how much cubic centimeters of air are exchanged during quiet tidal respiration, on average

525cc

The air that includes tidal volume, inspiratory reserve, and expiratory volume

vital capacity

The volume of air that is inspired and expelled in one cycle of quiet breathing

resting tidal volume

The volume of air that can be expired after a tidal expiration

Expiratory reserve volume

The air that includes tidal inspiration and inspiratory reserve volume

Inspiratory Capacity

Explain what "checking action" means in the context of respiration. What muscles are involved, and what is the effect?

Checking action is when the inspiratory muscles control the return to baseline, supporting sustained exhalation

The respiratory cycle for speech is altered. In normal respiration, inhalation takes up approximately 40% of the cycle, while expiration takes up about 60%. In speech, inspiration takes up approximately _________% of the cycle and expiration takes up approximately ___________% of the cycle.

10 and 90

The basic process of gas exchange has 4 stages. Please identify the appropriate terms:

First, the air moves through the conducting respiratory pathway (________)then the air goes to the 300 million alveoli (________) where the oxygen-poor vascular supply from the right pulmonary artery goes to the capillaries that supply the alveoli (_________), and finally, the gas exchange occurs across the alveolar-capillary membrane (_________).

ventilation, distribution, perfusion, diffusion

Function of Thyromuscularis

Relax vocal folds

Function of Cricothyroid

Tense vocal folds

Function of Lateral Cricoarytenoid

Adduct Vocal Folds

Function of Interarytenoids (transverse and oblique)

Adduct vocal folds

Function of Thyrovocalis

Tense vocal folds

In this type of attack, significant airflow begins before the adduction of the vocal folds. You would hear this attack if you said the word "horse.

Breathy vocal attack

In this type of attack the breath stream starts as folds adduct

simultaneous attack

In this type of attack, the breath stream start after the fold adduct

glottal attack

___________________________ refers to the vocal register with a syncopated mode of vibration, low frequency of vibration, and creaky perceptual sound.

Glottal Fry

Required for initiation of phonation

Adduction of vocal folds

Results in an increase of frequency

Tensing of vocal folds

Results in termination of phonation

Abduction of vocal folds

Results in a reduction of frequency

Shortening of vocal folds

The Bernoulli effect states that

At a constriction, there will be a decrease in pressure

The ____________________ cartilages are embedded within the aryepiglottic folds.

Cuneiform

The bone that articulate with the thyroid cartilage is the

Hyoid

The cartilage that articulates with the superior aspect of the arytenoid cartilage is the

Corniculate

What are the two possible results of the contraction of the thyrohyoid muscle? (Tell me what may move where!)

Hyoid depressed or thyroid elevated

Which of the following is required for sustained phonation

Continued vocal fold adduction through tonic contraction of musculature

To increase vocal intensity, we (increase/decrease) ____________________ subglottal pressure.

Increase

__________________ pitch refers to the frequency of vocal-fold vibration that is most appropriate for an individual based on their anatomy.

Optimal

_________________________ is the perceptual correlate of intensity.

Loudness

During modal phonation, the vocal folds open from (superior to inferior OR inferior to superior) and close from (superior to inferior OR inferior to superior)

Inferior to superior, inferior to superior

The gas exchange that occurs across the alveolar-capillary membrane is called...

Diffusion

function of rectus abdominis

expiration

Function of transverse thoracis

Expiration

Function of sternocleidomastoid

Inspiration

Function of serratus anterior

Inspiration

During active expiration, muscular action leads to a(n) (increase OR decrease) in alveolar pressure, which leads to air moving (into OR out of) the lungs.

increase, out

The foramen magnum, the boundary between the spinal cord and the brainstem, is a landmark of the ____ bone.

occipital

Landmarks of the ______ bone include greater and lesser wings, medial and lateral pterygoid plates, and the pterygoid hamulus

sphenoid

The ___________________ make(s) up the majority of the hard palate.

Maxillae

The first mandibular molars are retracted at least one tooth from the first maxillary molars. The mandible is retracted. Could be caused by micrognathia.

Class II malocclusion

Normal occlusion in which the first molar of the mandibular arch is one-half tooth advanced of the maxillary molar.

Class I malocclusion

An occlusion with a normal relationship of the molars, but an abnormal orientation of the incisors.

Class I malocclusion

The first mandibular molar is advanced farther than one tooth beyond the first maxillary molar. The mandible is protruded.

Class III malocclusion

Supraversion

Tooth protrudes excessively into the oral cavity

Distoversion

Tooth tilts away from the midline of the dental arch

Linguaversion

Tooth tilts toward tongue

Buccoversion

Tooth tilts towards cheek

Mesioversion

Tooth tilts toward midline of the arch

The _______________ muscle makes up the anterior faucial pillar

Palatoglossus

the ___________ muscle makes up the posterior faucial pillar

Palatopharyngeus

and the ___________ are found between the pillars.

Palatine tonsils

Masseter

Mandible elevator

Platysma

Mandible depressor

Temporalis

Mandible elevator

Medial Pterygoid

Mandible elevator

Mylohyoid

Mandible depressor

Depresses the side of the tongue

Hyloglossus

Assists in protrusion of the tongue

genioglossus

Elevates the posterior tongue or depresses the velum

palatoglossus

Helps to elevate the pharynx

palatopharyngeus

Arises from the temporal bone and retracts the tongue

styloglossus

Which of the following is not part of the primary triad of lip elevators

Zygomatic Major

The _____ muscle elevates the velum

Levator veli palatini

During speaking tasks, the inability of the velum to elevate can lead to

hypernasality

Elevates the tongue tip

superior longitudinal

Depresses the tongue

Vertical intrinsic

Narrows the tongue

Transverse intrinsic