Bio Test 2

What does CHNOPS stand for?

Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Phosphorus, Sulfur

What is the importance of CHNOPS

the 6 essential elements in biomolecules

What function group is -OH?

Hydroxyl

What are the properties of -OH?

Polar, increases solubility, found in sugars and alcohols

What function group is C=O?

Carbonyl

Where is C=O found?

Aldehyde (end of chain) or Ketone (middle) found in sugars

What functional group is -COOH?

Carboxyl

What are properties of -COOH?

Acidic, donates H+

Where is -COOH found?

Amino acids and fatty acids

What functional group is -NH2?

Amino

What are the properties of -NH2?

Basic, accepts H+

Where is -NH2 found?

Amino acids

What functional group is -SH?

Sulfhydrl

What are the properties of -SH?

Forms disulfide bridges, stabilizes proteins

What functional group is -PO4?

Phosphate

What are the properties of -PO4?

Negatively charged, energy transfer (ATP, DNA backbone)

What functional group is -CH3?

Methyl

What are the properties of -CH3?

Nonpolar, affects gene expression (epigenetic)

What makes carbon versatile in molecules?

Allows chains, rings, branches, double bonds

Define structural isomers

Same molecular formula, different bonding arrangement

Define stereoisomers

Same bonds, different 3D orientation

Define enantiomers

Mirror image isomers

Example of enantiomers

L-dopa vs D-dopa

How does sickle cell disease demonstrate structure function?

One amino acid change alters hemoglobin shape → misfiled → cannot carry oxygen

What reaction builds polymers?

Dehydration synthesis

What is dehydration synthesis?

Removes H2O and bonds monomers

What reaction breaks polymers?

Hydrolysis

What is hydrolysis?

Adds H2O and breaks bonds

What is the formula of glucose?

C6H12O6

Maltose disaccharide

Glucose and glucose

Sucrose disaccharide

Glucose and fructose

Lactose disaccharide

Glucose and galactose

Starch

Plant storage

Glycogen

Animal storage

Cellulose

Plant structure

What is chitin?

Structural polysaccharide in exoskeleton and fungi cell walls

What are the components of fats (triglycerides)?

Glycerol and 3 fatty acids

Saturated fat

No double bond, solid at room temperature

Unsaturated fat

Double bonds, kinks, liquid

What are phospholipids?

Amphipathatic molecules that form bilayers (they have a polar he’d and hydrophobic tails)

What are steroids?

4 fused carbon rings

What is an example of steroids?

Cholesterol and sex hormones 

What is the monomer of proteins?

Amino acids

What are the four levels of protein structure?

Primary (sequence), Secondary (a-helix, B sheet), Tertiary (3D folding), Quaternary (multiple polypeptides)

What is denaturation?

Loss of protein shape and function due to heat, pH, or chemicals

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

Nucleotide (sugar, phosphate, and nitrogen base)

DNA

deoxyribose nucleic acids, A-T G-C, double helix

RNA

ribose nucleic acid, A-U G-C, single stranded

What is the central dogma of biology?

DNA → RNA → protein

What are the 3 parts of cell theory?

1. All living things are cells

2. Cells are the basic unit of life

3. All cells come from other cells

Who coined the term “cell”?

Robert Hooke

Who said plants and animals are made of cells?

Schleiden & Schwann

Who said cells come from cells?

Rudolf Virchow

What is the resolution limit of a light microscope?

200 nm

What type of microscope can see 0.1-2 nm resolution?

Electron microscope

What does cell fractionation do?

Breaks cells, separates organelles by centrifugation

What structures do ALL cells have?

Plasma membrane, cytosol, DNA, ribosomes

What is the role of the nucleus?

Stores DNA

Role of Rough ER?

Protein synthesis (ribosomes attached)

Role of Smooth ER?

Lipid synthesis, detoxification, Ca2+ storage

Role of the Golgi apparatus?

Modifies, packages, ships proteins/lipids

Role of lysosomes?

Digestion and recycling

Role of peroxisomes?

Break down fatty acids, detoxify, degrade H2O2

Role of vacuoles?

Storage, water balance

What organelles perform energy conversion?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts.

What evidence supports the endosymbiotic theory?

Mitochondria/chloroplasts have double membranes, their own DNA, and ribosomes

What are microtubules and their functions?

Hollow tubes (25nm), movements, spindle fibers, cilia/flagella

What are microfilaments?

Thin actin filaments (7nm), cell shape, movement, cleavage furrow

What are intermediate filaments?

Medium fibers, anchor organelles, structural support

What is the ECM?

The extracellular matrix that is in animal cells

What proteins are in the ECM?

Collagen, fibronectin, integrals

What are the types of cell junctions in animals?

Tight junctions, desmosome, and gap junctions

What are plasmodesmata?

Plant cytoplasmic channels for communication

Write the equation for photosynthesis

Solar energy + 6CO2 + CH2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Write the equation for cellular respiration

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP

CHNOPS in Carbohydrates

C H O

CHNOPS in Lipids

C H O

CHNOPS in proteins

C H O N S

CHNOPS in Nucleic Acids

C H O N P