A&P II- Unit 4

Endocine & Exocrine System

Describe endocrine Glands

secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

Endocrine glands are apart of?

Both the endocrine system and other bodily systems

Describe exocrine Glands

Secretes enzymes directly into organs via ducts, bypass the bloodstream

Mammary Glands exocrine or endocrine?

Exocrine

What hormones/secretions do the mammary glands have?

Prolactin

Mammary glands function

Stimulates milk to the body production

Sudoriferous glands exocrine or endocrine?

Exocrine

What hormones/secretions do the sudoriferous glands have?

Sweat

Sudorifeous glands function

Secrete sweat to cool the body and eliminate waste

Sebaceous glands exocrine or endocrine?

Exocrine

What hormones/secretions do the sebaceous glands have?

Secrete oil (sebum)

Sebaceous glands function?

Secrete oil (sebum) into hair follicles to lubricate skin

Salivary glands exocrine or endocrine?

Exocrine

What hormones/secretions do the salivary have?

Saliva

Salivary glands function?

Produce saliva...digestive lubricant and helps to digest carbohydrates

What are the 6 individual saliva glands?

Parotid gland (x2)

Submandibular gland (x2)

Sublingual gland (x2)

Pancreas exocrine or endocrine?

Both endocrine & exocrine

What hormones/secretions does the pancreas have?

Insulin

glucagon

enzymes

What does the pancreas consist of?

-Head

-Body

-Tail

-Large central pancreatic duct leading to the small intestine

Pancreas exocrine function?

the production of pancreatic enzymes which aid in digestion

What percentage of the pancreas is exocrine?

~98%

What percentage of the pancreas is endocrine?

~2%

Pancreas endocrine function?

Regulates blood sugar levels

What are Islets of Langerhans?

Specialized cells throughout that make insulin

Liver exocrine or endocrine?

Exocrine

What hormones/secretions does the liver have?

Bile

Liver function?

Produce bile which emulsifies lipids from food ingested (breakdown fats)

Pituitary gland exocrine or endocrine?

Endocrine

What hormones/secretions does the pituitary gland have?

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Melanocyte stimulating hormone

Growth hormone

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Antidiuretic hormone

Oxytocin

Prolactin

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Pituitary gland function?

Controls all other endocrine glands of body

What is another name for the pituitary gland?

The master gland

Where is the pituitary gland located?

In the center of the skull beneath the brain

What does the pituitary gland consist of?

-Anterior lobe

-Posterior lobe

-Infundibulum (Stalk)

Pineal gland exocrine or endocrine?

Endocrine

What hormones/secretions does the pineal gland have?

Melatonin

Pineal gland function?

Small pea-sized gland that controls sleep cycles

Where is the pineal gland located?

Centrally located within the cranium, posterior to pituitary gland

Thyroid gland exocrine or endocrine?

Endocrine

What hormones/secretions do the thyroid gland have?

Thyroxine (T4)

Triiodothyronine (T3)

Calcitonin

Thyroid gland function?

Promotes mental & physical development and maintains metabolism

Where is the Thyroid gland?

Located below the thyroid cartilage in the lower neck, about level of C5

Parathyroid glands exocrine or endocrine?

Endocrine

What hormones/secretions do the parathyroid gland have?

Parathyroid hormone

How many parathyroid glands do we have & where are they located?

4 small glands located on the posterior surface of the thyroid

Parathyroid glands function?

Regulate calcium levels in blood

Adrenal (suprarenal) glands exocrine or endocrine?

Endocrine

What hormones/secretions do the adrenal glands have?

Adrenaline

Noradrenaline

Corticosteroids

Adrenal (suprarenal) glands function?

Regulates vital signs

Regulates metabolism of proteins, glucose, lipids & electrolytes

Where are Adrenal glands located?

Located on the superior surface of each kidney (T11-T12)

What do the adrenal glands consist of?

The outer cortex and inner medulla

Gonads (testes and ovaries) exocrine or endocrine?

Endocrine

What hormones/secretions do the testes have?

Testosterone

What hormones/secretions do the ovaries have?

Estrogen

Progesterone

Hormones are?

The secretions of endocrine glands serve to activate certain tissues of the body or to increase its activity

What are the two types of hormones?

Steroids and peptides

What do steroids

-Enter into cell cytoplasm

-Bind to receptor molecules

-Enter nucleus -> create new proteins

Peptides

-Do NOT enter cell cytoplasm

-Bind to receptor molecules on cell membrane

-Cause chemical reactions to occur in cells (e.g. glycolysis)

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

Pituitary gland; stimulates the thyroid to make its hormones.

*It is produced by the pituitary gland & acts on the thyroid*

Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone (MSH)

Pituitary gland; stimulates skin to produce melanin

Growth Hormone (GH)

Pituitary gland; controls skeletal growth & development

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

Pituitary gland; stimulates adrenal glands

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Pituitary gland; decreases urine output

Oxytocin

Pituitary gland; uterine contractions, emotional bonding

Prolactin

Pituitary gland; stimulates mammary glands (alveoli) to produce milk

Gonadotropic Hormones (GH)

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) & Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

Pituitary gland; stimulates ovaries/testes to make sex hormones

Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothryinine (T3)

Thyroid; regulate energy metabolism & protein synthesis

The thyroid needs sufficient iodine intake to produce T4 & T3

Calcitonin

Thyroid; decreases the movement of calcium and phosphate minerals from bones to blood...acts to keep calcium & phosphates IN bones

Parathryoid Hormone (PTH)

Parathyroid; increases movement of calcium and phosphate minerals from bones to blood (opposite of calcitonin)...pulls minerals OUT of bones

Adrenaline (epinephrine) & Noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

Adrenal glands; both increase heart rate & respiration and dilate the bronchial tree during stressful moments

Corticosteroids

Adrenal glands; regulate metabolism of proteins, glucose, lipids & electrolytes (sodium & potassium)...reduce inflammation by suppressing immune system

Cortisol

stress hormone released by the adrenal cortex

Insulin

Pancreas; decreases sugar levels in blood by accelerating glucose transport into cells and breaking glucose into glycogen

Glucagon

Pancreas; increases blood sugar by causing the liver to release more glucose in the bloodstream. (Opposite of insulin)

Diabetes is…

The reduced insulin production or reduced insulin effectiveness

Estrogen

Ovaries; development of secondary sex characteristics...increases endometrial lining of uterus during menstrual cycle

Progesterone

Ovaries; stimulates mammary glands during menstrual cycle

Testosterone

Testes; development of secondary sex characteristics and libido (sex drive)

Melatonin

Pineal; promotes sleep

Label 1-15

1. Pituitary gland (endocrine)

1. Pineal gland (endocrine)

2. Parotid gland (exocrine)

3. Sublingual gland (exocrine)

4. Submandibular gland (exocrine)

5. Thyroid gland (endocrine)

6. Parathyroids (endocrine)

7. Mammary gland (exocrine)

8. Liver (exocrine)

9. Adrenal gland (endocrine)

10. Pancreas (both)

11. Sebaceous gland (exocrine)

12. Sudoriferous gland (exocrine)

13. Ovaries (endocrine)

14. Testes (endocrine)