Livestock Management - Test 1

Beef (pg 93-...) + Pig (pg 1-22)

Swine terminology: boar

intact male pig

Swine terminology: barrow

castrated male pig

Swine: which male pig is used in market chops

barrows (castrated)

Swine terminology: sow

female pig

has given birth

Swine terminology: gilt

female pig

has never given birth

Swine terminology: farrow

to birth piglets

Swine terminology: in-pig

pregnant

Swine terminology: piglet

newborn pig

Swine terminology: weanling

newly weaned piglet

moved to nursery

Swine terminology: non productive day

when sow is neither gestating or lactating

Swine terminology: feeder pig

weanling - 8 weeks old

22.5 kg - 25 kg

Swine terminology: market pig

around 5 months old

130 kg

Swine terminology: OPPMB

ontario pork producers marketing board

head office in guelph

marketing agency

Swine: what % of meat in the world consumed is pork?

40% +

Swine: north american pig production

USA = 82%

Canada = 18%

Quebec = 6.5%

Ontario = 3.6%

Swine: what country is the third largest pork exporter in the world?

Canada

Swine: pork exports from canada

1016 million kg

Swine: pork imports to canada

106.8 million kg

Swine: average carcass weight

105 kg

Swine: direct components of port industry

producers

marketing agency

processors

retailers

consumers

Swine: indirect components of pork industry

institutions

veterinarian staff

providers of supplies to direct compoents

Swine: types of swine producers

breeding stock

commercial swine

farrow - finish

Swine: breeding stock producers

maintain + improve various breeds

provide purebreds to commercial breeders

Swine: commercial swine breeders

maintain herds of 2+ breeds

used to crossbreeding programs

Swine: farrow - finish producers

maintain own herds of crossbred breeding stock

will raise offspring to market

Swine: types of farrow - finish producers

farrow - wean producers

wean - finish producers

Swine: maternal line swine breeds

yorkshire

landrace

Swine: yorkshire

white breed

erect ears

sows = excellent milking ability

boars = aggressive breeders

Swine: landrace

white breed

floppy ears

same as yorkshire

Swine: paternal line pig breeds

duroc

hampshire

pietrain

(phD)

Swine: duroc

solid red

heavy carcass muscling

Swine: hampshire

black with white “belt”

less popular due to black hair having to be trimmed before slaughter

Swine: pietrain

white with black spots

large amount of lean meat

helps increase litter size

Swine: traits of economic importance

carcass traits (HIGH heritability)

production traits (MEDIUM heritability)

reproduction traits (LOW heritability)

Swine: heterosis

genetic phenomenon for superior vigour, growth, thrift

often seen in crossbred animals

Swine: using crossbred sows, hybrid vigour will result in…

larger litters, heavier pigs

greater livability

superior pre + post weaning growth rates

Swine: crossbreeding will not…

improve lean yield

substantially improve feed efficiency

Swine: teeth clipping

2-3 days

only clipping the TIP, not entire tooth

Swine: tail docking

2-3 days

prevents tail biting

Swine: iron supplimentation

2-3 days

piglets are iron deficient

routine iron + dextran injection

Swine: types of identification

ear tags

electronic identification

ear notching

tattooing

Swine: ear notching diagram

Swine: castration

young boars not retained for breeding

before weening

Swine: inherited abnormalities to look for during castration

inguinal hernia

cryptorchid

hermaphrodite

Swine: inguinal hernia

rupture

loops of intestine escape abdomen through inguinal rings, into scrotum

Swine: cryptorchid

ridgling

one of both testicles dont descend

Swine: hermaphrodite

both male and female characteristics

Swine: gilt puberty

4.5-6 months old

Swine: boar puberty

5-7 months old

Swine: double mating

increases conception rate

Swine: breeding soundness exam of sows

exam mammary glands

exam external genitalia

Swine: breeding soundness exam of boars

exam sheath

exam penis

exam testes and epididymis

exam libido

exam semen

Swine: estrous cycle

non seasonal polyestrous

21 days

Swine: how long does estrous last

2-3 days

Swine: how long does STANDING estrous last

48-55 hours

Swine: when does ovulation occur in estrous

day 2

from both ovaries at the same time

Swine: signs of estrous

vulvar swelling

restlessness

stationary stance + erect (popping) ears

mounting other animals

Swine: lactation anestrus

in anestrus while lactating

cycle resumes and estrus occurs 3-7 days after piglet weaning

Swine: natural breeding

boar does heat detection

pen mating

hand mating

Swine: pen mating

leave boar with sows to mate whenever

let biology do its thing!

Swine: semen collection - gloved hand technique

collection when sow is in estrus, or on dummie sow

Swine: is boar semen sample sent fresh or frozen? when is the best time to use it?

fresh!

best to use within 3 days of collection

however fertile for 5-7 days

Swine: which swine AI rod is most commonly used

golden pig is most common

Beef terminology: average daily grain (ADG)

growth performance per day

Beef terminology: balanced ratios

24 hour feed allowance

has enough nutrients for given performance

Beef terminology: bloat

distension of upper left abdomen

gas accumulation

Beef terminology: bred

mated to male

she is pregnant

Beef terminology: breed

animals descended from common ancestors

Beef terminology: bull

intact male

Beef terminology: calf

male or female

under 1 year old

Beef terminology: calf crop %

% cows exposed to breeding

Beef terminology: calving interval

birthing time between calves

Beef terminology: colostrum

milk after calving (first few days)

can be frozen

Beef terminology: what is colostrum rich in?

nutrients

antibodies

immunity

Beef terminology: cross breeding

mating animals of different breeds

increases genetic variation

increases health and growth rate

Beef terminology: culling

removal of less desirable animals from herd

Beef terminology: dystocia

difficult birth

maternal

fetal

Beef terminology: environmental effect

non genetic influences that affect animal performance

Beef terminology: feed conversion

amount of feed needed / 1 unit of gain

Beef terminology: heifer

female cow

hasnt given birth

under 2 years old

Beef terminology: lactation period

200 days

Beef terminology: marbling

dispersion of fat within muscle fibers

juiciness + taste

Beef terminology: maternal effect

effect dam has on weining weight of calf

Beef: what does maternal effect depend on?

milk quality

milk quantity

Beef terminology: open

not pregnant

Beef terminology: polled

born without horn

Beef terminology: shrink

V body weight when move to slaughter

why? = stress of transport, lack of water

Beef terminology: sire

male parent

Beef terminology: spring heifer

pregnant in last trimester of first pregnancy

Beef terminology: stag

improperly castrated male

Beef terminology: steer

castrated male

Beef terminology: tag

amount of caked manure on cow

Beef terminology: veal

calf meat

red or white

white = less hemoglobin

Beef terminology: yield/dressing %

remains of carcass after slaughter

removed hide, organs, subcutaneous fat

Beef terminology: dam

female parent

Beef: breeds of cattle

angus

charolais

hereford

limousin

simmental

“slach”

Beef: angus

black or red

can survive rigged conditions

Beef: charolais

white-cream

slow to finish

grow fast with good muscling

difficult calvings more common

Beef: hereford

reddish brown with white patches

docile and easy

finish carcass faster

Beef: limousin

sexual dimorphism:

heifers= golden

males= red

meat is very lean (noted)

will grow quickly