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What was the Progressive Movement?
It sought to use the government to improve human welfare, by fighting monopolies, corruption, inefficiency, and social injustice.
What was Wealth Against Commonwealth?
Written by Henry Lloyd , it exposed the business methods of the Standard Oil Company.
What was How the Other Half Lives?
Written by Jacob A. Riis who shocked middle class Americans, it described the slums of New York.
What were Muckrakers?
Reform-minded journalists who wrote in magazines that exposed corruption and scandal. They specifically went after trusts and politicians.
What was The Shame of the Cities?
Written by Lincoln Steffens in 1902, it unmasked the corrupt alliance between big business and municipal government.
What was Following the Color Line?
Written by, Ray Stannard in 1908, it described the suppression of America's blacks.
What was The Bitter Cry of the Children?
Written by John Spargo in 1906, it described the abuses of child labor.
Who consisted of Progressive Reformers?
Mainly middle-class men and woman.
What were the two main goals the Progressives sought?
They wanted to use state power to control trusts and wanted to improve the conditions of life and labor.
What did Progressives support regarding the government?
They supported voters directly proposing legislation, and voters to directly voting on laws to remove corrupt elected officials.
How was the 17th amendment passed and what was it?
The progressive reformers convinced Congress to pass this and it established the direct election of U.S. senators.
Who was Robert M. La Follette?
A governor of Wisconsin who took control from the corrupt corporations and returned it to the people.
What were club movements?
When women formed clubs in which they discussed and proposed solutions for societal problems.
What were two examples of a club movement?
Women's Trade Union League and the National Consumers League.
What was the National Consumers League?
Led by Florence Kelley in 1899, it mobilized female consumers to pressure for laws safeguarding women and children in the workplace.
What was Muller vs. Oregon (1908)?
Following club movements, the Supreme Court ruled that it was constitutional to enact laws that specifically protected women factory workers.
What was Lochner vs. New York (1905)?
It invalidated a New York law that limited the work day to 10 hours for bakers.
What was The Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)?
It was a large anti-alcohol women's group.
What was the Square Deal Program?
Enacted by President Roosevelt, it consisted of 3 parts that would: control corporations, create consumer protection, and conserve natural resources.
What happened in 1902 regarding coal miners?
Coal miners in Pennsylvania went on strike, demanding a 20% raise and 9 hour workdays. When this didn’t happen, Roosevelt stepped in and threatened to operate the mines with federal troops. This led the demand to be made.
What was the Department of Commerce?
In 1903, it oversaw businesses engaged in interstate commerce.
What was the Elkins Act?
In 1903, this fined railroads that gave rebates to shippers that accepted them.
This was because railroads gave rewards to people to have them use their railway so they could make money.
What was the Hepburn Act of 1906?
It restricted free passes and expanded the Interstate Commerce Commission.
What were Free Passes?
Rewards offered to companies in the form of free shipments to encourage future business.
What was the Northern Securities Company?
It was a railroad trust company that sought to achieve a monopoly of the railroads in the Northwest. Eventually their trust was broken up by President Roosevelt.
What was the Meat Inspection Act of 1906?
After businesses cheaped out on quality production of food, this stated that the preparation of meat shipped over state lines was subject to federal inspection.
What was the The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906?
It was designed to prevent the adulteration and mislabelling of foods and pharmaceuticals.
What was the Desert Land Act?
In 1887 the federal government sold dry land cheaply on the condition that the purchaser would irrigate the soil within 3 years.
What was the Forest Reserve Act?
It authorized the president to set aside public forests as national parks and other reserves in hopes for conservation.
What was the Carey Act?
In 1894 it distributed federal land to the states on the condition that it be irrigated and settled.
What was the Newlands Act of 1902?
Created by Roosevelt, it authorized the federal government to use money from the sale of public lands in western states to develop irrigation projects.
What was the Aldrich-Vreeland Act?
Following the Panic of 1907, this authorized national banks to issue emergency currency in the event of a currency shortage.
What was Dollar Diplomacy?
In 1908-1912, when Taft encouraged Wall Street bankers to invest in foreign areas of strategic interest so the US could strengthen defenses and foreign polices.
What was the rule of reason doctrine?
Stated by the Supreme Court, it stated that a trust was illegal only if it unreasonably restrained trade.
What happened in 1911 regarding the Standard Oil Company?
The Supreme Court ordered the dissolution of the Standard Oil Company, stating that it violated the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890.
What was the Payne-Aldrich Bill?
Signed by President Taft in 1909, it placed a high tariff on many imports which angered many Republicans since Taft said he would lower tariffs.
What was the National Progressive Republican League?
AFter the split of the Republican party (after Taft fired people and raised tariffs), this party formed with La Follette as its leading candidate for the Republican presidential nomination.
Who did the Democrats choose for the Election of 1912?
Woodrow Wilson
What was the New Freedom Program?
Created by the Democrats during the election of 1912, they called for stronger antitrust laws, banking reform, and tariff reductions.
What was the New Nationalism program?
Created by the Progressive Republicans in the election of 1912, they supported stronger control of trusts, woman suffrage, and programs of social welfare.
What happened after 1912 regarding political parties?
The Progressive Republican party fell because it did not have any elected officials in the state or local offices.
What happened to the United States post WW1?
They became isolationist and it did not embrace a role as a global leader.
How did Woodrow Wilson become the governor of New York?
It was by campaigning against trusts and promising to return the state government to the people.
What were Wilson’s goals during presidency?
It was to attack "the triple wall of privilege": the tariff, the banks, and the trusts.
What was the Underwood Tariff Bill?
Passed during Wilson’s Presidency, it significantly reduced tariffs in 1913.
What was the 16th Amendment?
In 1913, this allowed Congress to collect a graduated income tax.
What was the Federal Reserve Act and why was it created?
It was created because National Banks could not give out money during panics quick enough. This act in 1913 oversaw 12 regional banks and The Federal Reserve Board oversaw other banks to prevent this from happening again.
What were Federal Reserve Notes?
Paper money that could be issued by the Federal Reserve Board (huge bank).
What was the Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914?
This law created the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), which oversaw industries engaged in interstate commerce. This organization could issue cease-and-desist orders to companies engaged in unfair business tactics.
What was The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914?
it lengthened the Sherman Act's list of business practices that were deemed objectionable and also legalized strikes and peaceful picketing.
What was The Federal Farm Loan Act of 1916?
It made low-interest rate loans available to farmers.
What was The Warehouse Act of 1916?
It enabled farmers to take out loans against the value of their staple crops, which were stored in government warehouses.
What was The Adamson Act of 1916?
It established an 8-hour work day for all employees on trains in interstate commerce.
Why did Wilson repeal the Panama Canal Tolls Act of 1912, which had exempted American coastal shipping from tolls.
It was because he was anti-imperialist and opposed an aggressive foreign policy.
What was the Jones Act?
It granted the Philippines territorial status and promised independence as soon as a stable government could be established.
Why was there a huge surge of Mexican Immigrants in 1913?
There was a Mexican revolution and the president was murdered and replaced with a brutal dictator.
What was the Tampico Incident?
When a small party of American sailors was accidentally captured by the Mexicans and Wilson ordered the navy to seize the Mexican port of Vera Cruz.
Who were the Central Powers in WW1?
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria.
Who were the Allied Powers in WW1?
France, Britain, Russia, Japan, and Italy.
What was America’s stance in WW1?
They were neutral and were anti-Germany.
What was the Sussex Pledge?
After Germany sunk a French passenger steamer, this pledge was created which said that Germany would not sink unarmed ships without warning.
This pledge had a limitation with Germany regarding the Allied Powers and trade which made war with Germany imminent.
What were the 3 main causes for WW1?
Zimmerman Note, Germany’s submarine warfare, and Bolshevik Revolution.
What did President Wilson do to encourage Americans for war?
It was by declaring that America would be fighting "for a war to end war" and "to make the world safe for democracy."
What was Wilson’s Fourteen Points Addres?
It was a message in 1919 declaring that WWI was being fought for a moral cause and it called for post-war peace in Europe. The message gave Wilson the position of moral leadership of the Allies.
What was the 14th point in the Fourteen Point Address (give definition)…
It was the League of Nations - an international organization that would provide a system of collective security.
What was The Committee on Public Information?
Led by George Creel, it was meant to rally public support for WW1 and to sell the world on Wilsonian war goals.
What was the Espionage Act of 1917?
Because there were tons of German-Americans in the US, this was passed which cracked down on wartime activities considered dangerous or disloyal that would harm the US.
What was the Sedition Act of 1918?
This made it illegal to speak out against the government.
What was Schenck v. United States (1919?
The Supreme Court ruled that freedom of speech could be revoked when such speech posed a danger to the nation. (Supported Sedition Act of 1918)
What was the Civilian Council of National Defense?
Created by Wilson, it was to study problems of economic mobilization. From this, he increased the size of the army and created a shipbuilding program.
What was The National War Labor Board?
This board tried to fix labor disputes before they hurt the war effort.
What effect did the IWW (Industrial Workers of the World) have on the American Federation of Labor?
Because industrial workers had horrible conditions, the AF of L’s supported WW1, doubling the military membership.
Why were there a ton of wage strikes across the country?
It was because of war inflation and wage gains were hard to come by.
What was the biggest wage strike?
It was in 1919 and affected the Steel Industry, when more than 250,000 steelworkers went on strike. They sought the right to organize and collectively bargain.
What was The National Woman's party?
Woman party led by Alice Paul that protested WW1.
What was the National American Woman Suffrage Association?
A large part of the suffrage movement that supported WW1.
How was the 19th Amendment passed?
After men left the country to fight in the war, women took up the factory and field jobs. This led Wilson to pass the amendment giving woman the right to vote.
What was the Draft Act of 1917?
Passed by Congress, it required the registration of all males between the ages of 18 and 45.
What was the Second Battle of the Marne?
When American soldiers and other Allied soldiers stopped the Germans from invading west.
What was the Meuse-Argonne offensive?
Led by John Pershing, it was meant to cut the German railroad lines feeding the western front.
What was the main contribution America had during WW1?
They were able to stop German westward expansion.
What was the Paris Conference?
Dominated by the Big Four (US, Italy, Britain, France), they discussed Wilson’s idea of the League of Nations (eventually passed).
What was the Security Treaty?
Signed by Britain and America, it stated that both America and Britain would defend France if Germany invaded again.
What were irreconcilables?
Isolationist congressmen who did not support the treaty of Versailles or the League of Nations.
These senators led the Treaty to be defeated and not passed.
How did Wilson settle the Treaty issue?
He did this in the presidential campaign of 1920. If voters elected a Democrat, then this would mean they supported the treaty (they did not win)
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