Lecture Notes Flashcards

Flashcards based on lecture notes for exam preparation.

Where are type 1 and type 2 collagens primarily located?

Type 1 collagen is found in bone, while type 2 is found in cartilage.

What are the different types of antibodies and their primary functions?

IgA is a dimer found in secretions, IgE is a monomer involved in allergies, IgG is a monomer that crosses the placenta, IgD is a monomer, and IgM is a pentamer made first in an immune response.

What are the DNA repair mechanisms affected in Xeroderma pigmentosum, CMMRD and BRCA2 mutations?

Xeroderma pigmentosum involves nucleotide excision repair defects, CMMRD involves mutations in MutS and MutL enzymes, and inherited BRCA2 mutations affect homologous recombination repair.

How do mutations in protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes contribute to cancer development?

Protooncogenes become oncogenes through gain-of-function mutations, while tumor suppressor genes are inactivated through loss-of-function mutations.

What are the different types of joints and their subtypes?

Fibrous joints include sutures, gomphosis, and syndesmosis; cartilaginous joints include synchondroses and symphyses; and synovial joints include condyloid, planar, saddle, hinge, pivot, and ball and socket joints.

How do the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems affect heart rate and mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

The sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate and MAP, while the parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate and MAP.

What are the hypertension drugs and when should they be given?

Under 55 or have type II diabetes: ACE inhibitors. Over 55 or Afrocarribean: calcium channel blockers. If cough, ARBs.

What are examples of short-acting and long-acting beta 2 agonists used to treat asthma?

Salbutamol is a short-acting beta 2 agonist, while salmeterol is a long-acting beta 2 agonist used in asthma treatment.

What are the effects of activating alpha and beta adrenergic receptors?

Alpha 1 receptors cause smooth muscle contraction and vasoconstriction, while alpha 2 receptors inhibit norepinephrine and insulin release. Beta 1 receptors increase heart rate, while beta 2 receptors cause bronchodilation.

What neurotransmitters are used by preganglionic and postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?

Preganglionic neurons use ACh, while postganglionic neurons use norepinephrine (except in the PNS where they use ACh).

Which adrenoreceptors have stimulatory vs. inhibitory effects, and what are those effects?

Alpha 1 receptors cause vasoconstriction, while beta 1 receptors increase heart rate. Alpha 2 receptors decrease SNS activity, while beta 2 receptors cause bronchodilation and vasodilation.

Define the different lung volumes: Tidal volume, Forced vital capacity, Inspiratory reserve volume, Expiratory reserve volume and Residual volume.

Tidal volume is the air moved in and out during rest, forced vital capacity is the maximum air volume in and out during a respiratory cycle, inspiratory reserve volume is the air you can draw into your lungs, expiratory reserve volume is the air you can expel, and residual volume is the air left after max exhalation.

What is lung compliance and what factors/diseases affect it?

Compliance is the ease at which the lung expands under pressure, reduced by pulmonary fibrosis or lung collapse; increased by emphysema or age.

What are the main causes of edema?

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, decreased plasma oncotic pressure, increased capillary permeability, and lymphatic system obstruction.

Define preload and afterload in the context of cardiac physiology.

Preload is the tension/load on ventricular muscle at the end of diastole, defined as EDV. Afterload is the load the heart must eject blood againts.

What is a normal FEV1/FVC ratio and how is it altered in airflow limitation?

Normal FEV1/FVC ratio is above 70-80%; in airflow limitations like asthma, the ratio drops.

What is the key difference in the wall of arteries and veins?

Arteries have thickest tunica media, veins have thickest tunica adventitia

What is the the effect of ADH?

Blood osmolarity ↑ sensed by the subfornical organ  (+) hypothalamus : paraventricular + supraoptic nuclei  post pituitary produced ADH.

Describe the deficiencies for the water soluble micro nutrients.

Vitamin A for eye, Vitamin D for rickets/osteomalacia, Vitamin E for peripheral neuropathy, Vitamin K for coagulopathy, C for scurvy.

What substances are secreted in the mouth and the stomach related to Vitamin B12?

Saliva: releases haptocorin; Stomach (parietal cells): release IF.

What are the characteristics of Coeliac disease?

Coeliac disease: IgA deficiency, autoimmune disease of small intestine.

Describe the SGLT1 and SGLT2 location.

Increased SGLT1 in the small intestine, SGLT2 in kidney and nephron

List the insertion and attachment points for corocoid process.

Corocoid process insertion and attachment points for Short head of biceps brachii, coracobrachialis and pectoralis minor.

What does damage in the long thoracic nerve do?

Long thoracic nerve damage  winged scapula.

What does the damage to the ulnar nerve do?

Paralysis of intrinsic muscles of hand (not LLOAF)  claw hand

What are the dermatomes of the hand?

C6: Thumb, C7: Middle finger, C8: Little finger

Damage of the hypoglossal nerve causes what symptoms?

CN XII: hypoglossal Tongue wasting and tongue goes to ipsilateral side of lesion

What are the tissues derived from ectoderm?

Ectoderm derives to Skin cells of epidermis, Neuron of brain Pigment cells