Pages 19-20 (style notes)

Fidumque … Oronten (and faithful Orontes)

Enclosing word order to emphasise Orontes’ qualities as remarkable since it takes up a longer space on the line to emphasise his loyalty to the Trojans - Virgil almost blames Aeneas for Orontes’ death as it is due to his extreme loyalty that Orontes followed him to sea

Fidum (faithful)

Adding details which tells us about Orontes to increase pathos when he later dies - there is a focus on individuals by zooming in on the details as the adjectives add to pathos and information

Unam (one)

Emphatic placement at the start of the line to draw attention to the ship and individual people

Lucios (Lycians), Oronten (Orontes), Abas (Abas) etc

Pathos is created throughout the passage as many individual people are named here - despite not knowing who they were, simply knowing that they died creates a sense of the scale of loss of life which is sad and creates sympathy in the reader

Ipsius ante oculos (before the very eyes of Aeneas)

Pathos, with the word choice highlighting Aeneas’ powerlessness against the storm as he is simply watching everything happen and cannot stop it

Ingens … Pontus (huge point)

Enclosing word order emphasises the size and scale of the sea since it is spread out across the line

Ferit (strikes), Volvitur (turns around), vorat (swallow up), accipunt (accept/take in)

Historic present verbs adding to the vividity and drama of the passage as the readers feel that they are there. The huge range of verbs never repeated creates variation and adds to the sense that lots of things are happening at once - many of them are emphatically placed at the start of the line to draw our attention to the present action of the scene

Excutitur (was shaken off), volvitur (was turned around)

Passive verbs increasing the sense of helplessness and vulnerability through the Trojans’ lack of agency or free will - this creates sympathy for the reader

Ter (thrice)

Hyperbole to exaggerate the number of times the ship was spun - Virgil is trying to emulate Homer as this is something that the poet often does as it is his typically style in epic poetry

Magister (helsman)

Emphatic placement at the end of the line (delayed word) to highlight that he is falling off the end of the ship as well as the end of the line of the poem

Rapidus … vertex (devouring whirlpool)

Enclosing word order shows that the whirlpool is surrounding the ships and men, and creates personification for the sea as is hints that it is hungry to create the sense that it is acting purposefully to emphasise its danger and threat to the people on the ship to create a more vivid and dramatic passage

Nantes (swimming)

Word choice is shocking to the reader here as it emphasises the danger and death that the men are facing

Vertex, gurgite (whirlpool)

Linguistic variation meaning whirlpool to engage the reader by changing the word

Arma (arms), tabulae (planks), gaza (treasure)

Tricolon causing pathos as it is sad that the carefully preserved Trojan treasures will be lost forever to the sea, emphasising how angry Juno is and the extent of the storm on the lives and possessions of the Trojans

Iam (now), et qua (and in which)

Double repetition highlighting how many things are happening to different people by focusing on each individual, highlighting that no one is safe and everyone is affected by the storm

Validam (strong), fortis (brave), grandaevus (advanced in years)

Adjectives adding personality, detail and pathos to make the characters seem more human and therefore it is a greater loss that they have died

Laxis laterum (sides had been loosened)

Alliteration of ‘l’ to draw the reader’s attention to those words showing how terrible it is that the ships are being broken up

Inimicum imbrem (hostile water)

Alliteration of ‘i’ to create the sound effect of being uncomfortable and painful, emphasising how the Trojans are feeling by making the reader feel the same

Inimicum (hostile)

Personification of the water in general as the water will sink the ships and kill the men emphasising the danger that the Trojans are in since even nature wants to harm them